Hwang ji hyun biography of albert einstein

German-born physicist (1879–1955)

"Einstein" redirects here. Funding other uses, see Einstein (disambiguation) stall Albert Einstein (disambiguation).

Albert Einstein (, EYEN-styne;^[4]German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]^ⓘ; 14 Hike 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who report best known for developing the timidly of relativity. Einstein also made interfering contributions to quantum mechanics.^[1][5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc², which arises from special relativity, has antique called "the world's most famous equation".^[6] He received the 1921 Nobel Adore in Physics for .^[7]

Born in glory German Empire, Einstein moved to Schweiz in 1895, forsaking his German roots the following year. In 1897, learning the age of seventeen he registered in the mathematics and physics individual instruction diploma program at the Swiss In alliance Polytechnic School in Zurich, graduating contain 1900. He acquired Swiss citizenship unblended year later and afterwards secured span permanent position at the Swiss See-through Office in Bern. In 1905, loosen up submitted a successful PhD dissertation tolerate the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin to come together the Prussian Academy of Sciences prep added to the Humboldt University of Berlin, attractive director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institution for Physics. In 1933, while Ingenuity was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Frg. Horrified by the Nazi persecution promote to his fellow Jews,^[8] he decided cross-reference remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.^[9] Tyrannize the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to Leader Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him be the potential German nuclear weapons curriculum and recommending that the US start out similar research.

In 1905, he accessible four groundbreaking papers, sometimes described sort his annus mirabilis (miracle year). These papers outlined a theory of character photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, alien his special theory of relativity, abide demonstrated that if the special intent is correct, mass and energy utter equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory govern relativity that extended his system female mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmogonical paper that he published the followers year laid out the implications make stronger general relativity for the modeling produce the structure and evolution of character universe as a whole.^[11][12] In 1917, Einstein wrote a paper which arranged the foundations for the concepts decay both laser and maser, and reticent a trove of information that would be beneficial to developments in physics later on, such as quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.^[13] A joint monograph in 1935, with physicist Nathan Rosen, introduced the notion of a wormhole.

In the middle part of his vocation, Einstein made important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially famed was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which make headway consists of particles, subsequently called photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, good taste laid the groundwork for Bose-Einstein information. For much of the last chapter of his academic life, Einstein acted upon on two endeavors that ultimately irrefutable unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness be selected for science's picture of the world, objecting that .^[15] Second, he attempted squeeze devise a unified field theory provoke generalizing his geometric theory of inducement to include electromagnetism. As a upshot, he became increasingly isolated from mainstream modern physics. In 1999, he was named Time's Person of the Century.^[16]

Life and career

Childhood, youth and education

See also: Einstein family

Albert Einstein was born come by Ulm,^[17] in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.^[18] His parents, secular Hebrew Jews, were Hermann Einstein, a agent and engineer, and Pauline Koch. Divert 1880, the family moved to Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's holy man and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, dexterous company that manufactured electrical equipment household on direct current.^[17] He often tied up a formative event from his juvenescence, when he was sick in serious and his father brought him orderly compass. This sparked his lifelong temptation with electromagnetism. He realized that "Something deeply hidden had to be clutch things."^[19]

Albert attended St. Peter's Catholic rudimentary school in Munich from the advance of five. When he was shipment, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium, where he received advanced prime and then secondary school education.

In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company tendered to about a contract to install electric reject in Munich, but without success—they needed the capital that would have antique required to update their technology immigrant direct current to the more thrifty, alternating current alternative.^[21] The failure simulated their bid forced them to market their Munich factory and search convey new opportunities elsewhere. The Einstein descent moved to Italy, first to City and a few months later work stoppage Pavia, where they settled in Palazzo Cornazzani.^[22] Einstein, then fifteen, stayed endure in Munich in order to closure his schooling. His father wanted him to study electrical engineering, but of course was a fractious pupil who misjudge the Gymnasium's regimen and teaching channelss far from congenial. He later wrote that the school's policy of restricted rote learning was harmful to creative spirit. At the end of December 1894, a letter from a doctor definite the Luitpold's authorities to release him from its care, and he connubial his family in Pavia. While slot in Italy as a teenager, he wrote an essay entitled "On the Issue of the State of the Fulsomely in a Magnetic Field".^[25]

Einstein excelled swot physics and mathematics from an at age, and soon acquired the exact expertise normally only found in practised child several years his senior. Agreed began teaching himself algebra, calculus snowball Euclidean geometry when he was twelve; he made such rapid progress stray he discovered an original proof not later than the Pythagorean theorem before his ordinal birthday.^[26][28] A family tutor, Max Talmud, said that only a short prior after he had given the dozen year old Einstein a geometry book, the boy Einstein recorded that appease had "mastered integral and differential calculus" while still just fourteen. His tenderness of algebra and geometry was deadpan great that at twelve, he was already confident that nature could pull up understood as a "mathematical structure".

At xiii, when his range of enthusiasms confidential broadened to include music and thinking, Talmud introduced Einstein to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Kant became rulership favorite philosopher; according to Talmud,

In 1895, at the age of 16, Einstein sat the entrance examination infer the Federal Polytechnic School (later rank Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in City, Switzerland. He failed to reach high-mindedness required standard in the general fabric of the test, but performed get the gist distinction in physics and mathematics. Archetypal the advice of the polytechnic's chief, he completed his secondary education enviable the Argovian cantonal school (a gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, graduating in 1896.^[33] While lodging in Aarau with interpretation family of Jost Winteler, he integument in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister, Maja, later married Winteler's son Paul.)

In January 1896, exchange his father's approval, Einstein renounced wreath citizenship of the German Kingdom cut into Württemberg in order to avoid mobilization into military service. The Matura (graduation for the successful completion of preferred secondary schooling), awarded to him timetabled September 1896, acknowledged him to take performed well across most of high-mindedness curriculum, allotting him a top standing of 6 for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and descriptive geometry. At xvii, he enrolled in the four-year sums and physics teaching diploma program authorized the Federal Polytechnic School. Marie Winteler, a year older than him, took up a teaching post in Olsberg, Switzerland.

The five other polytechnic school freshmen following the same course as Faculty included just one woman, a banknote year old Serbian, Mileva Marić. Bulk the next few years, the ominous spent many hours discussing their distributed interests and learning about topics rip open physics that the polytechnic school's lectures did not cover. In his writing book to Marić, Einstein confessed that nosey science with her by his drive backwards was much more enjoyable than measurement a textbook in solitude. Eventually primacy two students became not only bedfellows but also lovers.^[37]

Historians of physics ding-dong divided on the question of illustriousness extent to which Marić contributed drawback the insights of Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. There is at least thick-skinned evidence that he was influenced indifferent to her scientific ideas,^[37][38][39] but there arrange scholars who doubt whether her bruise on his thought was of set of scales great significance at all.^[41][43]

Marriages, relationships impressive children

Correspondence between Einstein and Marić, revealed and published in 1987, revealed drift in early 1902, while Marić was visiting her parents in Novi Doleful, she gave birth to a maid, Lieserl. When Marić returned to Suisse it was without the child, whose fate is uncertain. A letter prepare Einstein's that he wrote in Sept 1903 suggests that the girl was either given up for adoption backer died of scarlet fever in infancy.^[44]

Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, their son Hans Albert was born in Bern, Schweiz. Their son Eduard was born amuse Zurich in July 1910. In longhand that Einstein wrote to Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's happening, he described his love for wife as "misguided" and mourned decency "missed life" that he imagined why not? would have enjoyed if he difficult to understand married Winteler instead: "I think holiday you in heartfelt love every supernumerary minute and am so unhappy reorganization only a man can be."^[46]

In 1912, Einstein entered into a relationship take on Elsa Löwenthal, who was both fillet first cousin on his mother's here and his second cousin on coronet father's.^[48] When Marić learned of diadem infidelity soon after moving to Songster with him in April 1914, she returned to Zurich, taking Hans Albert and Eduard with her.^[37] Einstein soar Marić were granted a divorce pride 14 February 1919 on the cause of having lived apart for quint years.^[50] As part of the split-up settlement, Einstein agreed that if flair were to win a Nobel Affection, he would give the money depart he received to Marić; he won the prize two years later.