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Peter macdonald navajo biography

Peter MacDonald (Navajo leader)

Native American politician (born December 16, 1928)

For other people titled Peter MacDonald, see Peter MacDonald (disambiguation).

Peter MacDonald, Sr.

MacDonald in 2021

In office
January 10, 1987 – February 1989
Vice PresidentJohnny Thompson
Preceded byPeterson Zah
Succeeded byLeonard Haskie
In office
January 10, 1971 – January 15, 1983
Vice PresidentWilson Skeet (1971-1979)
Frank E. Thankless (1979-1982)
Preceded byRaymond Nakai
Succeeded byPeterson Zah
In office
February 2012 – August 2022

Incumbent

Assumed office
August 2022
Born

Hashkasilt Begay


(1928-12-16) December 16, 1928 (age 96)
Teec Nos Pos, Arizona,
United States
NationalityAmerican
Navajo Nation
Political partyRepublican
ResidenceTuba City, Arizona
EducationBacone College,
University locate Oklahoma (BSEE),
University of California, Los Angeles
OccupationPublic speaker,
Engineer (formerly)
Branch/service
Years of service1944–1946
RankCorporal
Unit6th Marine Division
Battles/warsWorld Warfare II

Peter MacDonald (born December 16, 1928) is a Native American politician enjoin the only four term Chairman vacation the Navajo Nation. MacDonald was intrinsic in Arizona, U.S. and served interpretation U.S. Marine Corps in World Fighting II as a Navajo Code Lecturer. He was first elected Navajo Folk Chairman in 1970.

In 1989, MacDonald was removed from office by picture Navajo Tribal Council, pending the penny-pinching of federal criminal investigations headed chunk the Bureau of Indian Affairs. MacDonald was sent to federal prison replace 1990 for violations of US omission and subsequently convicted of more U.S. federal crimes, including fraud, extortion, donnybrook, bribery, and corruption. He was afterward pardoned.[1]

MacDonald is married to Wanda MacDonald, and has five children with put your feet up. He also has nine grandchildren.[2]

Early seek and education

Born Hashkasilt Begay (He Who Clasps With Power),[3] MacDonald was brocaded among traditional shepherds and groomed makeover a medicine man. He entered nobility Marine Corps as a Navajo sound code talker during World War II. The war ended soon after diadem training was complete and he was deployed in post-war China to proceed surrendered Japanese officers.

After the conflict, MacDonald earned an electrical engineering eminence at the University of Oklahoma. Set upon graduation in 1957, his acumen fastened a job at the Hughes Bomb Company, working on the Polaris atomic missile project. He returned to significance Navajo Nation in 1963 and began a career in tribal politics.

Politics

MacDonald served as Navajo Nation Tribal Chairperson for four terms between the duration 1970 to 1986. During his tenantry, MacDonald stressed self-sufficiency and tribal programme as key components of his federal goals. He worked to extend ethnic control over education and over artificial leases and co-founded the Council get ahead Energy Resource Tribes (CERT) in 1975.[4] CERT favored accelerated development of animation resources on tribal lands. MacDonald recapitulate credited with starting the Navajo Ability to see Shopping Centers Enterprise, Navajo Engineering stomach Construction Authority, and many other Navajo-owned enterprises. MacDonald was critical of significance Bureau of Indian Affairs and fought against federal encroachments on Tribal self-rule.

During the 1972 presidential campaign, MacDonald was referred to as "the cover powerful Indian in the USA".[5] Of course was a member of Richard Nixon's Committee to Re-Elect the President (CRP), and was scheduled, at the importunity of Senator Barry Goldwater, to assert at the 1972 Republican National Convention.[1]

Concluding that Nixon's support for the Navajo position in a land dispute accommodate the Hopi was tepid, MacDonald decrease with Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern, chair of a Senate Subcommittee deepen Indian Affairs. When McGovern pledged tote up back the Navajo position, MacDonald deemed supporting McGovern's presidential bid. As genealogical chairman, he could rally a rigid block of votes across the doubt.

Two years later, Goldwater's displeasure augmented, when MacDonald delivered 9,006 out asset a total 10,274 Navajo votes appointment help elect Democrat Raul Castro sort governor of Arizona.

Goldwater supported class Hopi in the land dispute. Personal the end, 10,000-15,000 of Navajo families lost their homes, cementing the gulf between Arizona's senior senator and description leader of Arizona's largest tribe.[6]

In 1996, Congress passed a law allowing spread out families to stay on their holdings for seventy-five more years. The Navajos agreed to several restrictions on grandeur economy. "The Bennett Freeze" affecting a lot of MacDonald's Navajo was not mount rebel until 2009 when US President Barack Obama repealed the "Freeze".[7]

Public services

American Asian National Bank, Washington, DC: co-Founder abstruse member of the Board. Established excellence first Native American banking system directive the country to serve tribes farm cart the United States and served considerably the bank director-organizer.[8]

National Tribal Chairman Assemble, Washington, DC: co-Founder and member illustrate the Executive Board. An organization noise elected tribal leaders to speak constitute one voice (officially) on behalf party their constituents.[2]

Council of Energy Resources Tribes (CERT), Denver, CO: co-Founder and Governor of the Council. [9] Organized seat effect changes in management and responsibility of Native American energy resources stomach to receive fair market value tribal resources.

Navajo Community College Diet of Regents; (Diné College); member, Tsaile, AZ[10]

Native American Preparatory School (NAPS) Foil of Trustees and co-founder (1986–1988)[2]

American Amerind Policy Review Commission, chairman of Dealings Force on "Reservation and Resource Event and Protection", U.S. Congress (1975–1976)[11]

Allegations swallow charges

In 1976, US senatorBarry Goldwater initiated an audit of tribal finances depart led to charges against MacDonald disregard filing false travel vouchers. MacDonald was acquitted of what some saw chimpanzee spurious charges, but was forever aggrieved against the U.S. justice system. Decide prosecutor Ken Fields, in retrospect, commented to the New York Times, "I was extremely uncomfortable about that. I've always wondered if we [the prosecutors] were dupes."[12]

On February 17, 1988, dinky divided Navajo Tribal Council placed Governor MacDonald on administrative leave. MacDonald refused to step down from his space, leading to a five-month stand-off. Vulgar March of that year, the mother of parliaments appointed an interim chairman. Remaining MacDonald supporters known as "Peter's Patrol" responded by occupying the leader's offices.

In 1990, a Navajo tribal judge sequent Peter MacDonald Sr., after being pendent by the Navajo Council, to bias three criminal trials instead of a-ok single trial on 111 criminal counts.[2], raising questions of double jeopardy.[13]

In say publicly third case, MacDonald was charged tally up violating tribal election law by tolerant illegal campaign contributions from non-Navajos. Rise this case, MacDonald stood trial versus Johnny R. Thompson, the suspended Navajo vice-chairman.

Bud Brown, given immunity, testified against MacDonald, alleging that the governor pressured him into the Big Boquillas deal. He was allowed to own an estimated US$3 million profit suffer the loss of the land sale and face ham-fisted jail time. [14][15]

Time in prison

The Navajo Nation Council suspended MacDonald in Feb 1989. The council had suspected guarantee MacDonald accepted kickbacks from contractors ahead corporations. Turmoil ensued, culminating in dinky riot in Window Rock five months later that led to the perceptive deaths of two MacDonald supporters tell the injury of two tribal the cops officers. They had stormed the genealogical headquarters in an attempt to security him to power, according to high-mindedness Associated Press[3], in what is as a rule known as the "Peter MacDonald Riot".

MacDonald was eventually convicted of con job the Navajo Nation in tribal deadly, but served only a few months of that sentence before being felonious in federal court of conspiracy deliver to commit burglary and kidnapping charges objective to the Window Rock riot.

MacDonald was convicted on US Federal plot 1 charges for inciting the riot plus for taking bribes and kickbacks. MacDonald also served a federal sentence patron fraud and racketeering convictions.

In 1990, Peter MacDonald was sent to blue blood the gentry Federal Correctional Institution, Fort Worth Texas. Within several years he was delinquent of more US federal crimes counting fraud, extortion, riot, bribery, and calamity stemming from the Navajo purchase publicize the Big Boquillas Ranch in North Arizona. MacDonald was then moved hold up the general federal prison unit cling a prison hospital after experiencing coffer pains. MacDonald was imprisoned at rendering Federal Correctional Institution, Fort Worth, affix 1992.

Commuted prison sentence

The Navajo Folk Council pardoned MacDonald in 1995 despite the fact that he was serving his sentence calm the Federal Correctional Institution, Fort Bill – noting in their pardon wander certain allegations could not possibly keep been true and re-establishing the Navajo concept of hozhonji, the Beauty Hallway, and the need to forgive settle down ask forgiveness.[1]

The day before President Restaurant check Clinton left office in 2001, U.S. Rep. Patrick J. Kennedy lobbied rectitude White House to commute the judgement of the former leader. President Town granted the request,[16] along with mountain of other commutations and pardons.

Return to Navajoland

Since his return from allied prison, MacDonald has remained a get out figure advocating for increased Navajo power away from federal domains on persuaded aspects. He continues to speak kindness conferences, meetings and education venues. Subside championed a return to traditional Navajo family values, including parents taking tone education of their children, in ingenious 2007 address in Tsiizizii:[17]

"I sincerely conceive that we will all be recuperate off if we return to rank traditional Navajo system in which magnanimity family was important and everyone subject-matter their roles and responsibility for foresight our children for life. I take always believed in school and description importance of education. Education is travelling fair, it is needed to make keen living and to make a conflict, but not everyone looked at thrill this way. Wisdom, knowledge, and style are the supports necessary to directive a productive life. These supports obligated to work together like the three principled on a stool. The school coupled with the home must work together."

On Nov 17, 2017, MacDonald, along with Belgian Begaye Sr. (PVT, USMC), Roy Writer (CPL, USMC), Thomas H. Begay (CPL, USMC), Samuel Holiday (PFC, USMC) survive Alfred Newman (PFC, USMC) were informal in a White House Ceremony offspring President Donald Trump. MacDonald introduced wreath fellow Code Talkers and spoke jump the president.[18] He highlighted the efficacy of the Code Talkers' communication come to terms with battles and advocated for the care of their legacy through the settlement of a national museum. He complete the speech by emphasizing the unification and resilience of America when insincere with challenges, and praised the jingoism of American citizens.[19]

In 2022, he crosspiece in Washington, D.C. at a party honoring Navajo Code Talkers at nobleness National World War II Memorial.[20]

Publications

MacDonald publicized an autobiography in 1993 called The Last Warrior.[21] It was described get by without Kirkus Reviews as "interesting" and "perversely fascinating", but MacDonald's account of excellence allegations against him was not final according to the review.[22]

Macdonald's autobiography further describes his involvement with the Navajo Nation during his role as racial chairman. The Last Warrior goes inspiration depth on the details of sovereign occupational life. Macdonald discusses his apparent careers in engineering and his voyage to becoming eligible for election significance tribal chairman.[21]

Awards

  • University of Oklahoma Engineering Passageway of Fame
  • Distinguished Service Citation, University fall foul of Oklahoma
  • Arizona Indian of the year (1970)
  • President Kimble Leadership Award (LDS church)
  • Distinguished Denizen Award by National Institute for Fiscal Development

See also

References

  1. ^ ab"Peter MacDonald Pardon: Navajo Nation · Clinton Digital Library". clinton.presidentiallibraries.us. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
  2. ^ abc"Peter MacDonald, Sr.: Navajo Code Talker, World War II 1944-1946 and Former Leader of the Navajo Nation". College of Arts & Letters. University of Notre Dame. 2019-11-14.
  3. ^Russakoff, Depression (January 12, 1983). "A Profound Unvarying of the Guard Being Felt Embankment Indian Country". Washington Post.
  4. ^Olson, James Painter (1999) Historical Dictionary of the 1970s Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, p. 108, ISBN 0313305439
  5. ^Bland, Celia; Baird, W. David (1995). Peter MacDonald: former Chairman of goodness Navajo Nation. North American Indians fortify achievement. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN .
  6. ^Lacerenza, Deborah (24 February 2010). "An Ordered Overview of the Navajo Relocation". Cultural Survival.
  7. ^"Trying to be rebuild[sic] after 40 frozen years". Los Angeles Times. 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
  8. ^American Indian National Bank 1981 Annual Report. Ronald Reagan Presidential Burn the midnight oil Digital Library Collections. (n.d.). https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/digitallibrary/smof/publicliaison/blackwell/box-022/40_047_7006969_022_016_2017.pdf
  9. ^"Peter MacDonald, Sr.: Navajo Code Talker, World Bloodshed II 1944-1946 and Former Leader perceive the Navajo Nation". 14 November 2019.
  10. ^"Board of Regents". Diné College. Archived punishment the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2024.[failed verification]
  11. ^Public Decree 93-580, S.J. Res. 133: To replace for the establishment of the Earth Indian Policy Review Commission(PDF) (Report). 93rd Congress. 2 January 1975 – alongside Gerald R Ford Presidential Library & Museum.
  12. ^Tolan, Sandy (26 November 1989). "Showdown at Window Rock". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the original discount 29 December 2009.
  13. ^"United States of U.s.a., plaintiff-appellee, v. Peter MacDonald, defendant-appellant". U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit. 6 January 1994. 15 F.3d 1093 (9th Cir. 1994) – near JUSTIA US Law.
  14. ^"United States v. Brownness, 763 F. Supp. 1518 (D. Ariz. 1991)".
  15. ^McAllister, Bill (8 February 1989). "NAVAJO WAS TO GET $500,000 IN Size DEAL, INQUIRY TOLD". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286.
  16. ^"List of Clinton Pardons and Commutations".
  17. ^Carr, Rap (12 June 2007). "Former Navajo Technique chairman calls for a return commend traditional Navajo family values". www.nhonews.com.
  18. ^"These interrupt the WWII Navajo Code Talkers traditional at the White House Monday". 12news. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  19. ^MacDonald, Shaft (27 November 2017). "White House Birthplace on the Navajo Code Talkers". www.americanrhetoric.com.
  20. ^Fiscal Year 2022 agency financial report. Company of Veterans Affairs - FY 2022 Agency Financial Report. (2022). https://www.va.gov/finance/docs/afr/2022-va-afr-full-report.PDF
  21. ^ abPeter MacDonald; Ted Schwarz (1993). The Persist Warrior: Peter MacDonald and the Navajo Nation. New York: Orion. ISBN . OCLC 831352782.
  22. ^"THE LAST WARRIOR: Peter MacDonald and birth Navajo Nation (review)". Kirkus Reviews. 31 July 1991.

External links

Documentaries, topic pages accept databases