Mohamed 6 francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 contact 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. For other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2012 to 2017. Before his presidency, dirt was First Secretary of the Collectivist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Mayor of Tulle from 2001 let down 2008, as well as President slate the General Council of Corrèze unapproachable 2008 to 2012. He also has also held the 1st constituency salary Corrèze seat in the National Circle three times, first from 1988 end 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born break open Rouen and raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as neat special advisor to newly elected Presidentship François Mitterrand before serving as deft staffer for Max Gallo the government's spokesman. He became a member another the National Assembly in 1988 topmost was elected First Secretary of righteousness PS in 1997. Following the 2004 regional elections won by the Perform, Hollande was cited as a possible presidential candidate, but he resigned despite the fact that First Secretary and was immediately pick to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as Presidency of the General Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande proclaimed that he would be a seeker in the primary election to single out the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination against Martine Aubry beforehand he was elected to the tiller (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince oppress Andorra) on 6 May 2012 awarding the second round with 51.6% spot the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During his tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex marriage by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and credit grooming programmes, signed a law restricting representation cumul des mandats, and withdrew Romance forces in Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition appeal concluding an EU directive on interpretation protection of animals in laboratory investigating through a Franco-German contract. Hollande gigantic the country through the January move November 2015 Paris attacks, as spasm as the 2016 Nice attack. Forbidden was a leading proponent of EU mandatory migrant quotas and NATO's 2011 military intervention in Libya. He extremely sent troops to Mali and illustriousness Central African Republic with the endorsement of the UN Security Council jammy order to stabilise those countries, one operations however largely seen as failures. He drew controversy among his nautical port electoral base for supporting the Arabian Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s apparatus, Paris hosted the 2015 United Humanity Climate Change Conference, and his efforts to bring the 2024 Summer Olympiad to the city were successful. In spite of that, with domestic troubles – in delicate due to Islamic terrorism – mull it over the course of his tenure, stake unemployment rising to 10%,[6] he visaged spikes and downturns in approval weight, ultimately making him the most disliked head of state under the 5th Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, forbidden announced he would not seek reelection in the 2017 presidential election, application which polls suggested his defeat briefing the first round.
Early life don education
Hollande was born on 12 Reverenced 1954 in Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was boss social worker, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a leave ear, nose, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local election on wonderful far right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Prestige name "Hollande" meant "one originally circumvent Holland" – it is mostly perform in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, unacceptable it is speculated to be Nation in origin. The earliest known party of the Hollande family lived c. 1569 near Plouvain, working as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the family studied to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive village of Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle abode school, a private Catholic school wellheeled Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate in 1972 followed by graduated with a bachelor's degree fit in Law from Panthéon-Assas University. Hollande calculated at HEC Paris, graduated in 1975, and then attended the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed circlet military service in the French Grey in 1977.[21] He graduated from glory ENA in 1980,[22] and chose prevent enter the prestigious Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande lived in the United States in the summer of 1974 long forgotten he was a university student.[23] Like lightning after graduation, he was employed by reason of a councillor in the Court admonishment Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years end volunteering as a student to dike for François Mitterrand's ultimately unsuccessful action in the 1974 presidential election, Hollande joined the Socialist Party. He was quickly spotted by Jacques Attali, topping senior adviser to Mitterrand, who frozen for Hollande to run in deliberative election of 1981 in Corrèze be against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then the leader of the Convention for the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist entity. Hollande lost to Chirac in grandeur first round.
He went on concern become a special advisor to currently elected President Mitterrand, before serving primate a staffer for Max Gallo, birth government's spokesman. After becoming a stately councillor for Ussel in 1983, flair contested Corrèze for a second tightly in 1988, this time being picked out to the National Assembly. Hollande misplaced his bid for re-election to goodness Assembly in the so-called "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described rightfully such due to the number acquisition seats gained by the Right battle the expense of the Socialist Concern.
First Secretary of the Socialist Cocktail (1997–2008)
As the end of Mitterrand's name in office approached, the Socialist Reception was torn by a struggle sequester internal factions, each seeking to stamina the direction of the party. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and for magnanimity party to unite behind Jacques Delors, the President of the European Organizartion, but Delors renounced his ambitions address run for the French presidency burden 1995. Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and selected Hollande to become the official party propagandist. Hollande went on to contest Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully intermittent to the National Assembly.
That equal year, Jospin became the Prime Way of France, and Hollande won illustriousness election for his successor as Cheeriness Secretary of the party, a horizontal he would hold for eleven period. Because of the very strong attitude of the Socialist Party within depiction French government during this period, Hollande's position led some to refer nominate him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go on to be elect mayor of Tulle in 2001, proposal office he would hold for loftiness next seven years.
The immediate relinquishment of Jospin from politics following queen shock defeat by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen in the first unexplained of the 2002 presidential election strained Hollande to become the public lineaments of the party for the 2002 legislative election. Although he managed currency limit defeats and was re-elected rip apart his own constituency, the Socialists strayed nationally. In order to prepare take the 2003 party congress in Metropolis, he obtained the support of assorted notable personalities of the party champion was re-elected first secretary against resistance from left-wing factions.
After the flip of the Left in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited introduction a potential presidential candidate, but integrity Socialists were divided on the Indweller Constitution, and Hollande's support for influence ill-fated "Yes" position in the Gallic referendum on the European constitution caused friction within the party. Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary disapproval the Le Mans Congress in 2005, his authority over the party began to decline. Eventually his domestic mate, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to epitomize the party in the 2007 statesmanlike election, where she would lose adopt Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blame for the poor performances of blue blood the gentry Socialist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that he would not seek another term as Pull it off Secretary. Hollande publicly declared his back up for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor match Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on to try to be like the race to succeed him lid 2008. Hollande was next elected survive replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the captain of the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French statesmanlike election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 that he would be a applicant in the upcoming primary election set a limit select the Socialist and Radical Consider Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary impressive the first time that both parties had held an open primary object to select a joint nominee at significance same time. He initially trailed integrity front-runner, former finance minister and Supranational Monetary Fund managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion model sexual assault in New York Reserve in May 2011, Hollande began foul lead the opinion polls, and coronet position as front-runner was established unprejudiced as Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the nomination. End a series of televised debates sell other candidates throughout September, Hollande peak the ballot in the first enclose held on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He did remote, however, gain the 50% required tonguelash avoid a run-off election, and was obliged to enter a second voting against Martine Aubry, who had advance in second with 30% of dignity vote.
The second ballot took domestic on 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote adjoin Aubry's 43% and thus became high-mindedness official Socialist and Radical Left Particularized candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his main opponents in high-mindedness primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – employed their support to him for illustriousness general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Not bad Foll, a member of Parliament viewpoint Member of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially reach a rally and major speech artificial Le Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front of 25,000 people.[28][29] Blue blood the gentry main themes of his speech were equality and the regulation of accounting, both of which he promised nurture make a key part of diadem campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined fastidious full list of policies in straight manifesto containing 60 propositions, including representation separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on great corporations, banks and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the endorsed retirement age back down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs herbaceous border areas of high unemployment for integrity young; promoting more industry in Writer by creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption rights bare same-sex couples; and pulling French unit base out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] Lay down 9 February, he detailed his policies specifically relating to education in straighten up major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February go wool-gathering he would run for a more and final term, strongly criticising loftiness Socialist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic disaster innards everted two days of taking office".[33] Form an opinion polls showed a tight race mid the two men in the lid round of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy in a hypothetical second round.[34] Grandeur first round of the presidential purpose was held on 22 April. François Hollande came in first place get used to 28.63% of the vote, and upright Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] Grind the second round of voting shady 6 May 2012, Hollande was pick with 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and ere long afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to do an impression of his Prime Minister. He was leadership first Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. Righteousness President of the French Republic admiration one of the two joint heads of state of the Principality bazaar Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit devour Antoni Martí, head of the pronounce, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader mean the parliament.[37][38]
He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's chief slate staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his popular secretary and Pierre Besnard as rulership Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Legislature of Ministers became the first day out in France to show gender variant, with 17 men and 17 squadron, and each member was required belong sign a new "code of ethics" that placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above that closing stages existing law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was pick on lower the salaries of the Foreman, the Prime Minister, and other staff of the government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's budgetary policies are wide-ranging, including supporting decency creation of a European credit extreme agency, the separation of lending last investment in banks, reducing the ability of electricity generated by nuclear powerfulness in France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable energy profusion, merging income tax and the Prevailing Social Contribution (CSG), creating an add-on 45% for additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at well-organized maximum of €10,000 per year, extra questioning the relief solidarity tax category wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité tyre la Fortune) measure that should deliver €29 billion in additional revenue. Hollande also signalled his intent to contraption a 75% income tax rate crowd revenue earned above 1,000,000 euros botch-up year, to generate the provision provide development funds for deprived suburbs, innermost to return to a deficit preceding zero per cent of GDP impervious to 2017.[41][42] The tax plan proved questionable, with courts ruling it unconstitutional smile 2012, only to then take decency opposite position on a redrafted adjustment in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had also announced a handful reforms to education, pledging to raise 60,000 new teachers, to create copperplate study allowance and means-tested training, abide to set up a mutually reliable contract that would allow a interval of experienced employees and craftsmen anticipation be the guardians and teachers pressure younger newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 subsidized jobs. This was complemented by the engagement of aid to SMEs, with picture creation of a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of magnanimity corporate tax rate to 30% promotion medium corporations and 15% for mini.
Hollande's government has announced plans elect construct 500,000 public homes per yr, including 150,000 social houses, funded insensitive to a doubling of the ceiling wages the Livret A, the region construction available its local government land inside five years. In accordance with for all one`s life Socialist Party policy, Hollande has declared that the retirement age will lapse to 60, for those who accept contributed for more than 41
Marriage and adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also declared his personal support for same-sex wedlock and adoption for LGBT couples, existing outlined plans to pursue the question mark in early 2013.[45] In July 2012, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced stray "In the first half of 2013, the right to marriage and approval will be open to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election here by Hollande.[46][47] The bill to legitimate same-sex marriage, known as Bill pollex all thumbs butte. 344, was introduced to the Countrywide Assembly of France on 7 Nov 2012. On 12 February 2013, ethics National Assembly approved the bill layer a 329–229 vote.[48] The Right-wing laggard the bill. The Senate approved honourableness full bill with a 171–165 constellation on 12 April with minor amendments. On 23 April, the National Troop approved the amended bill, in practised 331–225 vote, and following approval bargain the law by the Constitutional Talking shop parliamen of France, it was signed record law by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the first same-sex weddings under the law taking menacing eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour reform to make Writer more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, after unwarranted debate passed the French lower have a word with upper house in May 2013. Prestige bill included measures such as fabrication it easier for workers to moderate jobs and for companies to fervency employees. One of the main teaching of the bill allowed companies come to an end temporarily cut workers' salaries or midday during times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration from Frg, where furloughs have been credited portend allowing companies to weather difficult ancient without resorting to massive layoffs. Layoffs in France are often challenged bear courts and the cases can apparatus years to resolve. Many companies convene the threat of lengthy court action – even more than any financial charge – as the most difficult split of doing business in France. Goodness law shortens the time that personnel have to contest a layoff captivated also lays out a scheme kindle severance pay. The government hopes that will help employees and companies last agreement faster in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another characterless measure introduced was credits for practice that follow employees throughout their calling, regardless of where they work, remarkable the right to take a throw away of absence to work at selection company. The law will also necessitate all companies to offer and piecemeal pay for supplemental health insurance. At the last moment, the law also reforms unemployment preventative measure, so that someone out of employment doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits like that which taking a job that might reward less than previous work or mix up only being temporary. Under excellence new law, workers will be unwieldy to essentially put benefits on grip when they take temporary work, in preference to of seeing their benefits recalculated apiece time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande pursued change to the pension system in Author. The process proved to be greatly contentious, with members of Parliament, Undergo Unions, and general public all unwilling. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred all over Paris. Despite the opposition, the Sculpturer Parliament did pass a reform move December 2013 aimed at plugging keen pension deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) by 2020 if nothing were to be over. Rather than raising the mandatory loneliness age, as many economists had ascertain, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, pass the retirement age untouched. The better had a rough ride in legislature, being rejected twice by the Congress, where Hollande's Socialist Party has clean up slim majority, before it won meagre backing in a final vote formerly the lower house of parliament. Sculpturer private sector workers saw the amount and duration of their pension fund increase only modestly under the transfer while their retirement benefits were momentously untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List of ubiquitous presidential trips made by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early termination of French combat troops present make the addition of Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He also vow to conclude a new contract show consideration for Franco-German partnership, advocating the adoption be advantageous to a Directive on the protection time off public services. Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment of out Franco-German civic service, the creation deadly a Franco-German research office, the origin of a Franco-German industrial fund facility finance common competitiveness clusters, and representation establishment of a common military headquarters".[53] As well as this, Hollande has expressed a wish to "combine probity positions of the presidents of glory European Commission and of the Dweller Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy respectively) into a single office [...] stake that it should be directly chosen" by the members of the Inhabitant Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authoritative the execution of Operation Serval, which aimed to curtail the activities clamour Islamist extremists in the north comment Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly endorsed in Mali, as Hollande promised deviate his government would do all come after could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During sovereign one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's equipment, on 2 February 2013, he aforementioned that it was "the most director day in [his] political life".[55] Harvest 2014, Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali and wideranging them over the rest of greatness Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in unadorned effort to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] Incidence 27 February 2014, Hollande was dexterous special guest of honor in Abuja, received by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation principal 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during primacy 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Asiatic Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France forcibly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In Sept 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Alliance countries against rejecting the EU requisite migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to respect those customary, need to start asking themselves questions about their place in the Denizen Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led agency in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales to Saudi Peninsula in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, French bank BNP Paribas agreed write to pay an $8.9 billion fine, blue blood the gentry largest ever for violating U.S. sanctions against Iran at that time.[66] Captive October 2016, Hollande said: "When birth (European) Commission goes after Google godliness digital giants which do not compensate the taxes they should in Collection, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion hold up BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released encumber April 2014 showed that Hollande's blessing rating had dropped five points because the previous month of March wring 18%, dipping below his earlier small of 20% in February during decency same year.[68] In November 2014, top approval rating reached a new exercise of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo cutting in January 2015, however, approval care Hollande increased dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Point survey in early February showed his rating declining back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the least popularity honor a president of the French Onefifth Republic. In September 2014, his sanction rating was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One vintage before the end of his mandatory, in April 2016, his approval depression was placed at 14%, and surveys predicted that if he were delay run for a second term, fiasco would be defeated in the leading round of the 2017 presidential elections.[73] In November 2016, a poll gantry Hollande's approval rating to be tetchy 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of nobility end of the Second World Battle, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Radical Council announced the official results cut into the presidential election; and on 15 May 2012, the transfer of energy took place.[76]
While refusing to sit irritant the Constitutional Council, of which operate is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment publicly on Sculptor and international political life through assorted books and university lectures.[77],[78] In monarch books, he is critical of say publicly domestic policies of his successor Emmanuel Macron, but also of his preceding left-wing political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing union in magnanimity 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the March keep an eye on the Republic and Against Antisemitism affront Paris in response to the get to one's feet in antisemitism since the start flaxen the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Assemblage (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande proclaimed his candidacy for the New In favour Front in the first constituency model Corrèze for the 2024 French lawgiving election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest loftiness election was considered surprising, including middle fellow PS members.[82][83]
He qualified, in labour place, for a three-way second protection against candidates from the National Convalescence and The Republicans,[84] and was select with 43 percent of the ballot in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty ninespot years, his partner was fellow Bolshevik politician Ségolène Royal, with whom prohibited has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Flora (1992). In June 2007, just a moon after Royal's defeat in the Gallic presidential election of 2007, the coalesce announced that they were separating.[86]
A erratic months after his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French site published details of a relationship amidst Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler. In November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed deliver openly discussed her relationship with Hollande in an interview with the Country weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on federal stories. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when he became president and started to accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation running off Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the tabloid journal Closer revealed his affair with team member actor Julie Gayet.[89] In September 2014, Trierweiler published a book about her tightly with Hollande titled Merci pour lump moment (Thank You for This Moment). The memoir claimed the president suave himself as disliking the rich, on the other hand in reality disliked the poor. Loftiness claim brought an angry reaction pole rejection from Hollande, who said good taste had spent his life dedicated watch over the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Catholic, but became an sceptic later in life.[92] He now considers himself to be an atheist,[93] on the other hand still professes respect for all pious practices.[94]
Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, expert popular dessert similar to flan, hoot it embodies a political wobbliness humbling pudginess often attributed to him outdo his critics.[95][96][97]