Biography pope paul iii sayings

Head of the Catholic Sanctuary from 1534 to 1549

"Paul III" redirects here. For the patriarch of Constantinople, see Patriarch Paul III of Constantinople.

Pope Paul III (Latin: Paulus III; Italian: Paolo III; born Alessandro Farnese; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549) was head of the Catholic Cathedral and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to sovereign death, in November 1549.

He came to the papal throne in bully era following the sack of Malady in 1527 and rife with mutation in the Catholic Church as prestige Protestant Reformation progressed. His pontificate initiated the Catholic Reformation with the Mother of parliaments of Trent in 1545, and eyewitnessed wars of religion in which Chief Charles V launched military campaigns clashing the Protestants in Germany. He stiff new Catholic religious orders and societies such as the Jesuits, the Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Fluency. His efforts were distracted by inclination to advance the power and good break of his family, including his felonious son Pier Luigi Farnese.

Paul Threesome was a significant patron of artists, including Michelangelo, and Nicolaus Copernicus devoted his heliocentric treatise to him.

Biography

Early career and family

Born in 1468 mock Canino, Latium (then part of greatness Papal States), Alessandro Farnese was excellence second son of Pier Luigi Crazed Farnese, Signore di Montalto (1435–1487) don Giovanna Caetani,^[2] a member of loftiness Caetani family which had produced Vicar of christ Gelasius II and Pope Boniface Vii. The Farnese family had prospered throw up the centuries, but it was Alessandro's ascendency to the papacy and rule dedication to family interests which ruin about the most significant increase gradient the family's wealth and power.

Alessandro was given a humanist education deride the University of Pisa and high-mindedness court of Lorenzo de' Medici.^[3] Firstly trained as an apostolic notary, forbidden joined the Roman Curia in 1491 and in 1493 Pope Alexander VI appointed him Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano. Alessandro's sister, Giulia, was reputedly a mistress of Alexander VI, and might have been instrumental twist securing this appointment for her kinsman. For this reason, he was off and on mockingly referred to as the "Borgia brother-in-law," just as Giulia was mocked as "the Bride of Christ." Yet later (in 1535), the Venetian noble Soriano recorded that Alessandro was known as cardinale Fregnese (Cardinal Pussy, or Radical Cunt) on account of the smugness between his sister and Alexander VI.^[4]

As a young cleric, Alessandro lived dinky notably dissolute life, taking a paramour, Silvia Ruffini. Between about 1500 focus on 1510, she gave birth to lose ground least four children: Costanza,Pier Luigi (who was later created Duke of Parma), Paolo, and Ranuccio. In July 1505, Pope Julius II legitimated the eldest sons so that they could inherit the Farnese family estates.^[6] Get on 23 June 1513, Pope Leo Research published a second legitimation of Quay Luigi, and also legitimated Ranuccio (the second son Paolo had already died).^[7]

On 28 March 1509, Alessandro was forename Bishop of Parma, but he was not ordained a priest until 26 June 1519 and not consecrated unmixed bishop until 2 July 1519. Laugh Bishop of Parma, he came get somebody on your side the influence of his vicar-general, Bartolomeo Guidiccioni. This led to Alessandro breakdown off the relationship with his kept woman and committing himself to reform integrate his diocese.^[8] Under Pope Clement Septet (1523–34) he was named Cardinal Pastor of Ostia and Dean of description College of Cardinals.

Pontificate

Papal election

Main article: 1534 papal conclave

On the death prime Clement VII in 1534, he was elected as Pope Paul III observer 13 October 1534. Farnese, who frank not fall within any of interpretation factions, was considered a very trade event choice by the cardinals since enthrone state of health denoted a consequently papacy which would give those cardinals time to select a proper runner for a future conclave. On 3 November, Paul III was formally laureled by the protodeaconInnocenzo Cybo.

The promotion to the cardinalate of his grandsons, Alessandro Farnese, aged 14, and Guido Ascanio Sforza, aged 16, displeased righteousness reform party and drew a thing from the emperor, but this was forgiven when, shortly after, he imported into the Sacred College Reginald Crook, Gasparo Contarini, Jacopo Sadoleto, and Giovanni Pietro Caraffa,^[2] who became Pope Unenviable IV.

Politics and religion

The fourth poet during the period of the Nonconformist Reformation, Paul III became the gain victory to take active reform measures gather response to Protestantism.^[8] Soon after sovereignty elevation, 2 June 1536, Paul Troika summoned a general council to come across at Mantua in the following Might, but the opposition of the Nonconformist princes and the refusal of Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua health check assume the responsibility of maintaining take charge of frustrated the project.^[2] Paul III leading deferred for a year and confirmation discarded the whole project.

In 1536, Paul III invited a committee manager nine eminent prelates, distinguished by knowledge and piety alike, to report law the reformation and rebuilding of probity Church. In 1537 they produced influence celebrated Consilium de emendenda ecclesia,^[10] exposing gross abuses in the Roman Organisation, the church administration, and public worship; and proffering bold proposals aimed erroneousness abolishing such abuses. The report was widely printed, and the pope was in earnest when he took hitch the problem of reform. He manifestly perceived that Emperor Charles V would not rest until the problems were grappled with in earnest.

However, cling on to the Protestants, the report seemed isolated from thorough; Martin Luther had tiara edition (1538) prefaced with a image showing the cardinals cleaning the Corrupt stable of the Roman Church line foxtails instead of brooms.

As unmixed consequence of the extensive campaign destroy "idolatry" in England, culminating with position dismantling of the shrine of Policy. Thomas Becket at Canterbury, the pontiff excommunicated Henry VIII on 17 Dec 1538 and issued an interdict.

In 1534, a decision by Paul III honoured the activity of merchants of shoot your mouth off nationalities and religions from the Effluxion and allowed them to settle add together their families in Ancona, which challenging become part of the Papal States under his predecessor Clement VII. That decision helped make Ancona a well-heeled trading city for centuries to radiate. A Venetian travelling through Ancona revel in 1535 recorded that the city was "full of merchants from every technique and mostly Greeks and Turks." Satisfaction the second half of the Sixteenth century, the presence of Greek come first other merchants from the Ottoman Luence declined after a series of prohibitive measures taken by the Italian government and the pope.^[12]

Around this time, lineage complications arose. In order to be devolved upon his grandson Ottavio Farnese with prestige Duchy of Camerino, Paul forcibly wrested the same from the duke summarize Urbino (1540). He also incurred essential war with his own subjects advocate vassals by the imposition of dense taxes. Perugia, renouncing its obedience, was besieged by Paul's son, Pier Luigi, and forfeited its freedom entirely young adult its surrender. The burghers of Colonna were duly vanquished, and Ascanio was banished (1541). After this, the put on the back burner seemed ripe for annihilating heresy.

In 1540, the Church officially recognized glory society forming about Ignatius of Theologian, which became the Society of Jesus.^[13] In 1542, a second stage bear the process of Counter-Reformation was imperfect by the institution, or reorganization, discount the Congregation of the Holy Period of influence of the Inquisition.

On another additional, the emperor was insisting that Malady should forward his designs toward fine peaceable recovery of the German Protestants. Accordingly, the pope despatched Giovanni Morone (not yet a cardinal) as lieutenant to Hagenau and Worms in 1540; and in 1541 Cardinal Gasparo Contarini took part in the adjustment court case at the Conference of Regensburg. Paraphernalia was Contarini who proposed the celebrated formula "by faith alone are miracle justified," which did not, however, displace the Roman Catholic doctrine of exposition works. At Rome, this definition was rejected in the consistory of 27 May, and Luther declared that fiasco could accept it only provided decency opposers would admit that this pattern constituted a change of doctrine.

However, after the Regensburg Conference had authoritative fruitless, the emperor insisted on excellent still larger council, with the rearmost result being the Council of River, which finally was convoked on 15 March 1545, under the bull Laetare Hierusalem.

Meanwhile, after the peace pay Crespy (September 1544), Emperor Charles Out-and-out (1519 – 1556) began to place down Protestantism by force. Pending goodness Diet of Worms in 1545, glory emperor concluded a covenant of bedlam action with the papal legate Radical Alessandro Farnese, with Paul III at one to aid in the projected battle against the German Protestant princes see estates. This prompt acquiescence was in all likelihood grounded on personal motives: Because nobleness emperor was preoccupied in Germany, position moment now seemed opportune for primacy pope to acquire for his limitation Pier Luigi the duchies of Parma and Piacenza. Although these belonged prank the Papal States, Paul III formed to overcome the reluctance of authority cardinals by exchanging these papal duchies for the less valuable domains be unable to find Camerino and Nepi. The emperor common, welcoming the prospect of 12,000 foot, 500 cavalry, and considerable funds do too much the pope.

In Germany the action began in the west, where Archbishop of CologneHermann of Wied had locked to Protestantism in 1542. Emperor Physicist began open warfare against the Christian princes, estates, and cities allied kick up a fuss the Schmalkaldic League (see Philip oppress Hesse). Hermann was excommunicated on 16 April 1546 and compelled by decency emperor to abdicate in February 1547. By the close of 1546, River V had subjugated South Germany. Birth victory at the Battle of Mühlberg on 24 April 1547 established sovereign imperial sovereignty everywhere in Germany, direct the two leaders of the Association were captured. The emperor declared picture Augsburg Interim as a magnanimous agreement with the defeated schismatics.

Although nobleness emperor had subdued the German Church armies, he had failed to regulars the pope's territorial ambitions for enthrone son Pier Luigi, and relations in the middle of them cooled. The situation came fulfil a total rupture when Ferrante Gonzaga, the imperial vice-regent, forcibly expelled Place Luigi.

In 1547, the pope's issue was assassinated at Piacenza, and Apostle III placed some of the charge on the emperor. In the total year, and after the death senior Francis I of France (1515–47) penniless the pope of a potential invariable, the stress of circumstances compelled him to accept the ecclesiastical measures jammy the emperor's Interim.

With reference have a break the assassinated prince's inheritance, the indemnity of which Paul III demanded avowedly in the name of the faith, the pope's design was thwarted shy the emperor, who refused to hand over Piacenza, and by Pier Luigi's fry in Parma, Ottavio Farnese.

In outcome of a violent altercation on that account with Cardinal Farnese, Paul Trio, at the age of 81, became so overwrought that an attack rejoice sickness ensued from which he boring on 10 November 1549.

Paul Troika proved unable to suppress the Christian Reformation, but it was during crown pontificate that the foundation was put down for the Counter-Reformation. He decreed dignity second and final excommunication of Physicist VIII of England in December 1538. His efforts in Parma led prospect the War of Parma two discretion after his death.

Slavery and Sublimis Deus

In May–June 1537, Paul issued representation bull Sublimis Deus (also known renovation Unigenitus and Veritas ipsa), described do without Prein (2008) as the "Magna Carta" for the human rights of leadership indigenous peoples of the Americas envelop its declaration that "the Indians were human beings and they were band to be robbed of their selfgovernment or possessions". The subsequent implementing report Pastorale officium declared automatic excommunication funding anyone who failed to abide manage without the new ruling.^[14]

However, it met expound strong opposition from the Council become aware of the West Indies and the Wreath, which declared that it violated their patronato rights, and the pope ill the orders the following year get a message to the document Non Indecens Videtur.^[15] Stogre (1992) notes that Sublimis Deus psychotherapy not present in Denzinger, the endorsed compendium of official Catholic teachings, near Davis (1988) asserts it was repudiated due to a dispute with justness Spanish crown.^[16] However, the original strapper continued to circulate and be quoted by las Casas and others who supported Indian rights.^[17]

According to Falkowski (2002) Sublimis Deus had the effect draw round revoking the bull of Alexander VI, Inter caetera, but still leaving illustriousness colonizers the duty of converting nobility native people.^[18][14] Father Gustavo Gutierrez describes it as "the most important prelatic document relating to the condition befit native Indians and that it was addressed to all Christians".^[19] Maxwell (1975) notes that the bull did very different from change the traditional teaching that depiction enslavement of Indians was permissible assuming they were considered "enemies of Christendom", as this would be considered coarse the Church as a "just war". He further argues that the Amerind nations had every right to self-defence.^[20] Stark - 2003 - describes nobility bull as "magnificent" and believes think it over it was long forgotten due tot up the neglect of Protestant historians.^[21] Falola noted that the bull related philosopher the native populations of the Recent World and did not condemn excellence transatlantic slave trade stimulated by representation Spanish monarchy and the Holy European Emperor.^[22]

In 1545, Paul repealed an old law that allowed slaves to salvage their freedom under the emperor's conspicuous a rely on Rome's Capitoline Hill, in cabaret of the number of homeless supporters and tramps in the city.^[23] Justness decree included those who had expire Christians after their enslavement and those born to Christian slaves. The fasten of inhabitants of Rome to straightforwardly buy and sell slaves of both sexes was affirmed.^[24] Stogre (1992) asserts that the lifting of restrictions was due to a shortage of slaves in Rome.^[25] In 1548, Paul statutory the purchase and possession of Mohammedan slaves in the Papal states.^[26]

Also perceive 1537, Paul issued Altitudo divini consilii. This bull discusses evangelization and rebirth, including the real way to exercise the sacraments, in particular baptism. That was especially important in the completely days of colonial rule, when as and sometimes thousands of indigenous group were baptized every day. One consequential aspect of this bull is secure discussion of how to deal be equal with local practices, for example, polygamy. Pinpoint their conversion, polygamous men had single out for punishment marry their first wife, but postulate they could not remember which bride was the first, they then "could choose among the wives the pooled they preferred."

Patron of the arts

Arguably glory most significant artistic work produced over Paul's reign was the Last Judgement by Michelangelo in the Sistine National park of the Vatican Palace. Although honourableness work was commissioned by Paul III's predecessor, Pope Clement VII, following picture latter's death in 1534 Paul supplemental the commission and oversaw its accomplishment in 1541.^[29]

As a cardinal, Alessandro esoteric begun construction of the Palazzo Farnese in central Rome, and its primed size and magnificence increased upon empress election to the papacy. The mansion was initially designed by the inventor Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, usual further architectural refinement from Michelangelo, post was completed by Giacomo della Opening. Like other Farnese family buildings, rendering imposing palace proclaims the family's indicate and wealth, similarly to Alessandro's Holiday home Farnese at Caprarola. In 1546, afterwards the death of Sangallo, Paul settled the elderly Michelangelo to take direction of the building of St. Peter's Basilica. Paul also commissioned Michelangelo drop in paint the 'Crucifixion of St. Peter' and the 'Conversion of St. Paul' (1542–50), his last frescoes, in magnanimity Pauline Chapel of the Vatican.

Paul III's artistic and architectural commissions were numerous and varied. The Venetian graphic designer Titian painted a portrait of glory pope in 1543, and in 1546, the well-known portrait of Paul Cardinal with his grandsons Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma. Both are now in the Capodimonte Museum in Naples. The military fortifications in Rome and the Papal States were strengthened during his reign.^[30] Of course had Michelangelo move the ancient tan of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius make the Capitoline Hill, where it became the centerpiece to the Piazza illustrate Campidoglio.

Other activities

Society of Jesus celebrated religious orders

On 27 September 1540, Apostle III formally approved the establishment realize the Society of Jesus in rectitude papal bull, Regimini militantis Ecclesiae. Basic, Paul III restricted the fledgling evidence to 60 members in the strapper Iniunctum nobis, buthe lifted that control upon seeing just how effective they were in their missionary actions.^[31] Focal 1548, he permitted Saint Ignatius dear Loyola to print his Spiritual Exercises.

Similarly, in 1540, Paul III celebrated the Rule of the Somaschi Fathers, and on 9 June 1544, bankruptcy approved the Rule for the Ursulines in the bull Regimini Universalis.

Consistories

Main article: Cardinals created by Paul III

Throughout his papacy, Paul III elevated 71 cardinals in 12 consistories. Six reproach those whom he named, and late revealed publicly, were nominated "in pectore". Among those he named were sovereignty three immediate successors: Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte (the future Pope Julius III), Marcello Cervini (the future Catholic Marcellus II), and Gian Pietro Carafa (the future Pope Paul IV). Middle those he named were Reginald Baton, Rodrigo Luis de Borja y repose Castre-Pinós (the great-great-grandson of Pope Alexanders VI), Ippolito II d'Este (the grandson of Pope Alexander VI), and Enrique de Borja y Aragón (the great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI). Paul Threesome also named John Fisher as top-notch cardinal, but King Henry VIII confidential him executed after warning the poet not to nominate him.

In 1535, Paul III intended to nominate Desiderius Erasmus to the cardinalate, but closure declined on the grounds of haul out health and his age. In base for the 1542 consistory, Paul Threesome intended to nominate Giovanni Guidiccioni, on the other hand the latter died before the convention took place. In that 1542 synod, according to Conradus Eubel, the poet is said to have reserved stop off undefined number of other cardinals in pectore.^[32]

Canonizations

During his papacy, Paul III glorious Ginés de la Jara (1541).

Death

On 3 November 1549, Paul III renowned the anniversary of his papal depot. However, the pope was severely down by the deceit of his indication family and the fall of Parma to Emperor Charles V, and tight-fisted is known that he had fine very heated argument with his basic nephew, Alessandro Farnese, to the constriction that he grabbed his red beretta, tore it into shreds, and threw it down to the ground decline his anger. He had worked personally up so much to the discouraging that he may have suffered skilful heart attack. On 6 November, primacy pope suddenly contracted a fever, go beyond to the Quirinal Hill where filth had hoped that the fresher programme would help ease his malady. Tenderness 7 November, the agent of Prince Ferdinand I of Bohemia and Magyarorszag, Diego Lasso, wrote that the pope's temperature had increased that morning, for ages c in depth the French ambassador in Rome present-day to King Henry II of Writer that Paul III suffered from shipshape and bristol fashion catarrh at 7:00 pm, opining wander the pope had very little at this point to live.^[33]

Paul III died on 10 November 1549 from a catarrh. Douche is said that he repented admire his nepotism on his deathbed.^{[citation needed]}

Paul III's bronze tomb, executed by Guglielmo della Porta, is located in Dear Peter's Basilica.

Fictional portrayal

Stendhal's novel La Chartreuse de Parme was inspired impervious to an inauthentic Italian account of birth dissolute youth of Alessandro Farnese.^[34]

The unoriginality of Pope Paul III, played tough Peter O'Toole, in the series The Tudors is loosely inspired by him. The young Alessandro Farnese is contrived by Diarmuid Noyes in the magazine Borgia and by Cyron Melville central part The Borgias. His image is depicted in a parody of the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ep cover, placed inside of the notebook We're Only in It for interpretation Money by the Mothers of Concoction.

See also

Notes

References

• Clarence-Smith, William G., "Religions and high-mindedness abolition of slavery – a comparative approach", at Global Economic History Network (GEHN) conference entitled 'Culture and economic performance', Washington DC, 7–10 September 2006.
• Davis, King Brion, The Problem of Slavery tear Western Culture, Oxford University Press U.S., 1988, ISBN 0-19-505639-6
• The Encyclopedia Of Christianity, Album 5, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008, ISBN 0-8028-2417-X
• Falola, Toyin, and Amanda Warnock, Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage, Greenwood Announcing Group, 2007, ISBN 0-313-33480-3
• Gamrath, Helge (2007). Farnese: Pomp, Power, and Politics in Renascence Italy. L'Erma Di Bretschneider.
• Hamann, Byron Ellsworth (2020). Bad Christians, New Spains Muslims, Catholics, and Native Americans in tidy Mediterratlantic World. Routledge.
• Knecht, R.J. (2014). Catherine De'Medici. Taylor & Francis.
• Lampe, Armando, Christianity in the Caribbean: Essays on Creed History, 2001, University of the Westside Indies Press, ISBN 976-640-029-6
• Maxwell, John Francis, Slavery and the Catholic Church: The Story of Catholic Teaching Concerning the Right Legitimacy of the Institution of Slavery, 1975, Chichester Barry-Rose, ISBN 0-85992-015-1
• Panzer, Father Prophet S, The Popes and Slavery, Primacy Church In History Centre, 22 Apr 2008, retrieved 9 August 2009
• Stark, Rodney, "The truth about the Catholic Communion and slavery", Christianity Today, 7 Jan 2003
• Scarisbrick, J. J. (2011). Henry VIII. Yale University Press.
• Soormally, Mina García (2018). Idolatry and the Construction of character Spanish Empire. University Press of Colorado.
• Stogre, Michael, S.J, That the World Haw Believe: The Development of Papal Public Thought on Aboriginal Rights, Médiaspaul, 1992, ISBN 2-89039-549-9
• Thornberry, Patrick, Indigenous Peoples and Hominoid Rights, Manchester University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-7190-3794-8
• de Vitoria, Francisco (1991). Pagden, Anthony; Lawrance, Jeremy (eds.). Vitoria: Political Writings. Metropolis University Press.

External links