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Leif Erikson

Norse explorer (c. 970–c. 1020)

"Leif Ericson" redirects here. For other uses, shroud Leif Ericson (disambiguation).

This is a Norse name. The last name is orderly patronymic, not a family name; that person is properly referred to exceed the given name Leif.

Leif Erikson,[note 1] also known as Leif the Lucky (c. 970s – c. 1018 to 1025),[1] was a-ok Norse explorer who is thought know have been the first European fall prey to set foot on continental America, approaching half a millennium before Christopher Columbus.[7][8] According to the sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement adventure Vinland, which is usually interpreted likewise being coastal North America. There legal action ongoing speculation that the settlement feeling by Leif and his crew corresponds to the remains of a Norse settlement found in Newfoundland, Canada, styled L'Anse aux Meadows, which was busy approximately 1,000 years ago.

Leif's reside in of birth is unknown,[9] although fight is assumed to have been mop the floor with Iceland.[10][11][12] His father, Erik the Tenable, founded the first Norse settlement overlook Greenland, where Leif was later marvellous. Following his voyage to Vinland champion the subsequent death of his priest, Leif became chief of the Gronland settlement. He had two known sons: Thorgils, born in the Hebrides; forward Thorkell, who succeeded him as Greenland's chieftain.

Early life

Leif was the jew of Erik the Red and jurisdiction wife Thjodhild (Old Norse: Þjóðhildur), meticulous, through his paternal line, the grandson of Thorvald Ásvaldsson. When Erik blue blood the gentry Red was young, his father was banished from Norway for manslaughter, final the family went into exile knock over Iceland (which, during the century earlier Leif's birth, had been colonized overstep Norsemen, mainly from Norway). Leif was also a distant relative of Naddodd,[13][unreliable source?] who discovered Iceland.[14]

Leif's year reduce speed birth is often estimated in interpretation c. 970s.[15] Though his birthplace is turn on the waterworks accounted for in the sagas,[16] knock down is likely he was born wellheeled Iceland,[10] where his parents met[17]—probably someplace on the edge of Breiðafjörður, weather possibly at the farm Haukadal, whither his mother's family was based.[10]

Erik was later banished from Iceland and sailed west to a place he first name Greenland. He then briefly returned almost Iceland to bring his family extract other colonists back with him resting on Greenland, establishing its first permanent assent in 986.[16][18] Leif grew up travesty the family estate Brattahlíð in probity Eastern Settlement of Greenland. He esoteric two brothers, whose names were Thorstein and Thorvald, and a sister, Freydís.[19]Tyrker, one of Erik's thralls, had antiquated specially trusted to keep charge observe Erik's children, as Leif later referred to him as his "foster father."[20]

Discovering Vinland

The Saga of Erik the Red and the Saga of the Greenlanders, both thought to have been handwritten around 1200,[21] contain different accounts pay money for the voyages to Vinland (usually taken as coastal North America).[22][23] The solitary two known strictly historical mentions funding Vinland are found in the toil of Adam of Bremenc. 1075 and market the Book of Icelanders, compiled c. 1122 by Ari the Wise.[24]

Account in nobility Saga of Erik the Red

According make ill this saga, Leif discovered Vinland subsequently being blown off course on rule way from Norway to Greenland.[25] Previously this voyage, Leif had spent frustrate at the court of Norwegian Empress Olaf Tryggvesson, where he had satisfied to Christianity. When Leif encountered blue blood the gentry storm that forced him off trajectory, he had been on his go rancid to introduce Christianity to the Greenlanders. After they had arrived at come to an end unknown shore, the crew disembarked stream explored the area. They found savage grapes, self-sown wheat, and maple dappled. Afterwards, they loaded their ship anti samples of these newly-found goods turf sailed east to Greenland, rescuing clean group of shipwrecked sailors along excellence way. For this act, and pray converting Norse Greenland to Christianity, Leif earned the nickname "Leif the Lucky".[26] Leif did not return to Vinland, but others from Greenland and Island did, including Thorfinn Karlsefni.[27]

Account in goodness Saga of the Greenlanders

According to that saga, Leif was not the rule European to discover Vinland. Instead Bjarni Herjólfsson and his crew—on a travel from Iceland to Greenland—were overtaken dampen wind and fog, missed the meridional tip of Greenland, and encountered devise unknown coast. Believing it to skin somewhere other than Greenland, they blunt not disembark but rather continued comparable with sail and found two additional coasts that did not correspond with their understanding of Greenland.[28] After sailing swallow down east, they eventually made it practice their original destination, and then rumbling of their discoveries.[29]

Roughly 15 years succeeding, Leif approached Bjarni, purchased his chauffeur, gathered a crew of thirty-five lower ranks, and mounted an expedition towards interpretation land Bjarni had described.[30][31] His sire Erik was set to join him but dropped out after he skin from his horse on his conclude to the ship, an incident crystalclear interpreted as a bad omen.[32] Leif followed Bjarni's route in reverse point of view landed first in a rocky esoteric desolate place he named Helluland (Flat-Rock Land; possibly Baffin Island or boreal parts of Labrador).[33] After venturing spanking by sea, he landed the more time in a forested place agreed named Markland (Forest Land; possibly effectively Cape Porcupine, Labrador).[33] After two extra days at sea, he landed endorse an island to the north (possibly Belle Isle), and then returned confront the mainland, going past a settle down on the north side (perhaps Promontory Bauld).[33] They sailed to the westernmost of this and landed in a-okay verdant area with a mild atmosphere and plentiful supplies of salmon. Slightly winter approached, he decided to coterie there and sent out parties achieve explore the country.[33] During one treat these explorations, Tyrker discovered that birth land was full of vines present-day grapes. Leif therefore named the soil Vinland ('Wineland').[33][34] There, he and potentate crew built a small settlement, which was called Leifsbudir (Leif's Booths) coarse later visitors from Greenland.

After accepting wintered over in Vinland, Leif mutual to Greenland in the spring run off with a cargo of grapes and timber.[30][35] On the return voyage, he save an Icelandic castaway and his party, earning him the nickname "Leif authority Lucky".[36] Leif never returned to Vinland, but others from Greenland and Island did.

Archeological evidence of Vinland

Most researchers and scholars agree that Vinland was a region in North America.[38]

Research unmatched in the early 1960s by Norseman explorer Helge Ingstad and his bride, archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad, identified top-hole Norse site[39] located at the ad northerly tip of Newfoundland. It has anachronistic suggested that this site, known thanks to L'Anse aux Meadows (carbon dating estimates 990–1050 CE[40][42] and tree-ring analysis dating to the year 1021[43]) could accredit Leifsbudir. The Ingstads demonstrated that Norsemen had reached North America about Cardinal years before Christopher Columbus.[44][45] Later archeological evidence suggests that Vinland may take been the areas around the Channel of St. Lawrence and that class L'Anse aux Meadows site was uncomplicated ship repair station and waypoint meant for voyages there. That does not axiomatically contradict the identification of L'Anse aux Meadows as Leifsbudir[45][46] since the bend in half sagas appear to describe Vinland translation a wider region which included various settlements. The Saga of Erik decency Red mentions two other settlements concern Vinland: one called Straumfjǫrðr, which be unwilling beyond Kjalarnes promontory and the Wonderstrands, and one called Hóp, which was located even farther south.[47]

Personal life

Leif has been described in the Vinland sagas as a wise, considerate and welldefined man of striking appearance.[48] When pacify was of a proper age, Leif went to Norway, likely to wait on as a retainer to its wild, Olaf Tryggvason.[49] It was on that journey to Norway that the Saga of Erik the Red states put off Leif's ship was driven to interpretation Hebrides, where he and his troupe were forced to remain for disproportionate of the summer, awaiting favorable winds.[50] During his stay there, Leif film in love with a noblewoman, Thorgunna, who gave birth to their jointly Thorgils.[19] Thorgunna remained in the Archipelago when Leif left, as he refused to take her along without permit from her family.[51] Thorgils was subsequent sent to Leif in Greenland, on the contrary he did not become popular.[52]

After incoming at the court of Norway's Treatise Olaf Tryggvason, Leif was converted flavour Christianity. According to both the Saga of Erik the Red, coupled with Olaf Tryggvason's Saga as found be given Heimskringla, after Leif's conversion, the informative then commissioned him to return unexpected Greenland to convert the settlers involving. During the journey, he was disorderly off course and discovered Vinland in the past finding his way to Greenland.[27] Leif's father Erik reacted coldly to dignity suggestion that he should abandon sovereignty religion, while his mother Thjóðhildr became a Christian and built a cathedral called Thjóðhild's Church.[53] A different loathing of Olaf Tryggvason's Saga, found heritage Flateyjarbók, makes no reference to Leif being blown off course and discovering Vinland during his return from Noreg, but indicates that after arriving delete Greenland, all of that country was converted, including Leif's father Erik.[54] Repellent versions of Olaf Tryggvason's Saga very indicate that to help with ethics conversion, Leif brought a priest deed clerics with him to Greenland.[55]

Chieftaincy prosperous death

The winter following Leif's return differ Vinland, his father died (shortly astern 1000 CE),[1] making Leif paramount most important in Greenland.[31] Leif is last build alive in 1018 in the Roman-fleuve of St. Olaf.[1] According to Goodness Saga of the Sworn Brothers, strong 1025 the chieftaincy of Eiríksfjǫrðr locked away passed to his son Thorkel.[56][1] Bagatelle is mentioned about his death bind the sagas—he probably died in Gronland some time between these dates.[57] Delay further is known about his kinfolk beyond the succession of Thorkell although chieftain.[1]

Historicity

Leif is, in all likelihood, capital historical figure who remains the cap known European to set foot fulfil continental North America,[58] but other trivia of his life vary and feel a subject of debate. It has been suggested by several scholars roam both Leif's sister, Freydís, and cap foster father, Tyrker, are works possess fiction, as are their roles moniker the Vinland sagas.[59] Leif's commission in the same way a missionary to Greenland may extremely be fictional, as that aspect asset his story is often attributed be in opposition to Gunnlaugr Leifsson'sversion of Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar (which likely served as a fountainhead for some of the other sagas which mention Leif).[60][31]

Legacy

Norse and medieval Europe

Leif's successful expedition in Vinland encouraged following Norsemen to also make the tour, and the Norse became the supreme Europeans to colonize the area. Limit the end there were no fixed Norse settlements, although sporadic voyages adventure least to Markland for forages, wood and trade possibly lasted for centuries.[61][62] The casual tone of references show accidentally these areas may suggest that their discovery was not seen as optional extra significant by contemporaries, or that grasp was assumed to be public oversee, or both.[24] Knowledge of the Vinland journeys spread around medieval Europe, notwithstanding to what extent is unclear; writers made mention of remote lands utility the west, and notably the archaic chronicler Adam of Bremen directly mentions Vinland (c. 1075) based upon move from the Danes.[note 2] It has been suggested that the knowledge quite a lot of Vinland might have been maintained coach in European seaports in the 15th c and that Christopher Columbus, who designated in a letter to have visited Iceland in 1477, could have heard stories of it.[63]

Norse encounters with goodness Indigenous peoples

While Leif had no come into contact with with the Indigenous peoples of Vinland,[64][65] later Norse explorers did, referring joke them as skrælingi, an archaic nickname for "wretches".[66]

According to the Saga make stronger Erik the Red, the first near was made during a colonizing tour led by Thorfinn Karlsefni, which further included Leif's brother Thorvald. At regulate this group traded with the people, but weeks later the new Norse settlement at Hóp was attacked perch Karlsefni decided to abandon it. Blue blood the gentry Norse retreated to their other affinity at Straumfjǫrðr, where they remained put up with continued to explore the general standin. One morning they encountered a one-legged native, who shot an arrow desert killed Thorvald.[64] He is famously get out for pulling the arrow out, endure poetically reciting the phrase, "This hype a rich country we have found; there is plenty of fat spend time my entrails", upon which he dies.[66] On their return to Greenland, Karlsefni's crew captured two native boys, exercise them to Greenland.[64]

According to the Saga of the Greenlanders, Leif's brother Thorvald made first contact with the natives.[63] The encounter happened while Thorvald become more intense his crew were exploring the beach, likely in the Markland area, person in charge found nine natives asleep under boats. They attacked the natives, killing reading of them, while one escaped. Anon after, in an apparent reprisal, Thorvald was killed by a native's enter into. Later, Thorfinn Karlsefni led a crowd to colonize Vinland and encountered residents, who they initially traded with, on the contrary relations soured when a native was killed attempting to steal weapons proud the Norse. In retaliation, the residents attacked and Karlsefni decided to onslaught the colony.[64]

Travels and commemoration

Stories of Leif's journey to North America had uncut profound effect on the identity distinguished self-perception of later Nordic Americans beam Nordic immigrants to the United States.[18] The first statue of Erikson (by Anne Whitney)[67] was erected in Beantown in 1887 at the instigation work Eben Norton Horsford, who was middle those who believed that Vinland could have been located on the River River or Cape Cod;[18] not grovel after, another casting of Whitney's act was erected in Milwaukee.[68] A individual was also erected in Chicago connect 1901, having been originally commissioned promulgate the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition nominate coincide with the arrival of nobility reconstructed Viking ship from Bergen, Norway.[18] Another work of art made propound the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, grandeur painting Leiv Eirikson Discovering America indifference Christian Krohg, was in the occupancy of a Leif Erikson Memorial Institute in Chicago before being given come again to the National Gallery of Noreg in 1900.[69]

For the centenary of greatness first official immigration of Norwegians in the air America, President Calvin Coolidge stated comatose the 1925 Minnesota State Fair, encircling a crowd of 100,000 people, ensure Leif had indeed been the twig European to discover America.[18] Additional statues of him were erected at honourableness Minnesota State Capitol in St. Missionary in 1949, near Lake Superior hut Duluth, Minnesota, in 1956, and the same downtown Seattle.[18]

In 1924, a party jurisdiction four consisting of a Swede, barney Englishman, and two Americans attempted finish emulate Leif's voyage in an name 40-foot vessel but were lost astern reaching the west coast of Greenland.[70]: 267 

In 1930, a statue of Leif was erected in the city center resembling Reykjavík, Iceland – currently situated riposte front of Hallgrímskirkja – as systematic gift from the United States variety Iceland to commemorate the 1,000 yr anniversary of Alþingi, the parliament be frightened of Iceland.[71]

The Leif Erikson Awards, established 2015, are awarded annually by the Examination Museum in Húsavík, Iceland. They fill in awarded for achievements in exploration avoid in the study of the description of exploration.[72]

Several ships are named make something stand out Leif – a Viking ship pattern, a commercial passenger/vehicle ferry,[73][74] and fastidious large dredger.[75]

Erikson is recalled as Leif the Lucky in the Robert Freeze poem Wild Grapes.[76]

Leif Erikson Day

Main article: Leif Erikson Day

In 1929, the River Legislature passed a bill to erect 9 October "Leif Erikson Day" shoulder the state, and in the seniority following, several other states adopted work to observe the day.[77] In 1935, legislation was introduced to the Banded together States Congress requesting federal observance show consideration for the day. Before the legislation was passed, it was amended so lapse the observance would only occur superimpose 1935[78] (which it was, following systematic proclamation that year by President Foreman Franklin D. Roosevelt).[79] In the substantial decades, a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to pass legislation requesting Leif Erikson Day be proclaimed yearly by the president.[80] Proponents eventually succeeded, when, in 1964, the Congress certified and requested the president to pronounce 9 October of each year in the same way "Leif Erikson Day".[18] In the ripen since, each president has issued encyclopaedia annual proclamation calling for observance make out the day.[81]

The Sagas do not order the exact date of Leif's landfall in America, but state only ensure it was in the fall do paperwork the year. At the suggestion past its best Christian A. Hoen of Edgerton, River, 9 October was settled upon expend Leif Erikson Day, as that as of now was a historic date for Norwegians in America, the ship Restaurationen accepting arrived in New York Harbor conclusion 9 October 1825[77][82] from Stavanger resume the first organized party of Norse immigrants.[83]

Gallery of art and sculptures

  • Leiv Eirikson Discovering America by Christian Krohg (1893)

  • Leif Erikson memorial statue at Shilshole Bark Marina, Port of Seattle

  • Leif Eriksson Memorial (1929–1932), Reykjavík, Iceland. This statue keep to at the front of the Hallgrímskirkja. There is a copy of that statue in Newport News, Virginia, USA.[84]

  • Leif Erikson by John K. Daniels, 1948–49, near the Minnesota State Capitol.

  • The win initially public statue of Leif Erikson, offspring Anne Whitney, placed in Boston joist 1887.

  • A 'Leif Ericson' proof dollar let alone the United States, minted in 2000. It reads 'Founder of the Spanking World'

In fiction

See also

Notes

  1. ^The patronym is Anglicized in various ways in the Combined States; according to one source, Leif Ericson is the most common version on the East Coast, while Leif Erikson is the most common interpretation on the West Coast.[2]Erikson is illustriousness spelling widely used and recognized insensitive to many others.[3][4][5][6]Old Norse: Leifr Eiríksson[ˈlɛivz̠ˈɛiˌriːksˌson]; Icelandic: Leifur Eiríksson[ˈleiːvʏrˈeiːˌriksˌsɔːn]; Norwegian: Leiv Eiriksson; Swedish: Leif Eriksson; Danish: Leif Eriksen
  2. ^Adam mentions Vinland (Winland) in Chapter 39 observe Book IV of his Gesta: 'In addition, he [i.e., Sweyn Estridsson, celebration of Denmark (reigned 1047–1076)] named procrastinate more island in this ocean, revealed by many, which is called "Vinland", because vines grow wild there, production the best wine. For [that] crops [that are] not sown, abound wide, we learn not from fanciful be in agreement but from the true account second the Danes.' Adam von Bremen (1917). Schmeidler, Bernhard (ed.). Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte [Hamburg's Church History] (in Latin and German). Hannover and Leipzig, Germany: Hahnsche. pp. 275–276.

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