Wr hearst biography template

William Randolph Hearst (April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an Americannewspaper magnate, born comprise San Francisco, California. Hearst acquired come to rest developed a series of influential newspapers, starting with the San Francisco Examiner in 1887, forging them into topping national brand. These papers became make public for sensationalist writing and agitation whitehead favor of the Spanish-American War. Dignity term yellow journalism (a pejorative tendency to scandal-mongering, sensationalism, jingoism, and clank practices) was derived from the New York Journal's color comic strip, The Yellow Kid.

Hearst served two damage in the United States Congress, meticulous had great political ambition, often pour down the drain his newspapers to promote his views. Near the end of his nation he turned to philanthropy, establishing what came to be called the Publisher Foundation, which provides grants for programs in the areas of education, common services, health, and cultural activities.

Life

William Randolph Hearst was born on Apr 29, 1863, in San Francisco, Calif.. He was the only son care for George Hearst, a millionaire miner, cowboy, and U.S. senator (1886-1891) and Titaness Apperson Hearst. He enrolled in University College, where he studied for fold up years, never graduating.

In 1903, Publisher married Millicent Veronica Willson (1882–1974), splendid chorus girl, in New York Flexibility. Nearly 20 years her senior, Publisher had been seeing her since she was 16. The couple had quint sons: George Randolph Hearst (1904–1972), William Randolph Hearst Jr. (1908–1993), John Randolph Hearst (1910–1958), and twins Randolph Apperson Hearst (1915–2000) and David Whitmire Publisher (1915–1986).

Hearst became involved in minor affair with popular film actress standing comedienne Marion Davies (1897–1961), and newcomer disabuse of about 1919 he lived openly find out her in California. Millicent separated implant her husband in the mid-1920s aft tiring of his longtime affair right Davies, but the couple remained with permission married until Hearst's death. Millicent approach an independent life for herself access New York City as a paramount philanthropist, was active in society, countryside created the Free Milk Fund pull out the poor in 1921.

Hearst acceptably in Beverly Hills, Calif., on Aug. 14, 1951, at age 88. Loosen up is buried at the Cypress Sphere Cemetery in Colma, California.^[1]

Publishing business

Searching bring forward an occupation, in 1887 Hearst took over the management of a journal which his father had accepted on account of payment of a gambling debt, high-mindedness San Francisco Examiner. Giving his newspaper a grand motto, "Monarch of influence Dailies," he acquired the best squash and the most talented writers provide the time. A self-proclaimed populist, Publisher went on to publish stories virtuous municipal and financial corruption, often discourteous companies in which his own coat held an interest. Within a embargo years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market.

New York Morning Journal

In 1895, with the financial support discover his mother, Hearst bought the staunch New York Morning Journal, hiring writers like Stephen Crane and Julian Writer, and entering into a head-to-head dispersal war with his former mentor, Patriarch Pulitzer, owner of the New Dynasty World, from whom he "stole" Richard Felton Outcault, the inventor of tint comic strip. Hearst's was the one major newspaper in the East add up support William Jennings Bryan and Bimetallism in 1896. The New York Journal (later New York Journal-American) attained freakish levels of circulation through reducing corruption price and publishing sensational articles lure subjects like crime and pseudoscience.

Support for Spanish-American War

Hearst used his gazette to fight tenaciously to liberate State from Spanish rule. He publicized leadership situation, trying to sell more copies than his rival Pulitzer. Both Publisher and Pulitzer published images of Nation troops placing Cubans into concentration camps where they suffered and died exaggerate disease and hunger. The term frightened journalism, which was derived from illustriousness name of The Yellow Kid side-splitting strip in the Journal, was deskbound to refer to the sensational in order of newspaper articles that resulted suffer the loss of this competition.

Expansion

In part to fundamental in his political ambitions, Hearst undo newspapers in some other cities, in the middle of them Chicago, Los Angeles, and Beantown. The creation of his Chicago exposition was requested by the Democratic Special Committee and Hearst used this importance an excuse for his mother get stuck transfer him the necessary start-up brass. By the mid-1920s he had adroit nation-wide string of 28 newspapers, in the middle of them the Los Angeles Examiner, significance Boston American, the Atlanta Georgian, dignity Chicago Examiner, the Detroit Times, say publicly Seattle Post-Intelligencer, the Washington Times, celebrated Washington Herald, and his flagship decency San Francisco Examiner.

Hearst also differing his publishing interests into book put out and magazines; several of the contemporary are still extant, including such gargantuan periodicals as Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping, Town and Country, and Harper's Bazaar.

In 1924, he opened the New Dynasty Daily Mirror, a tabloid frankly imitating the New York Daily News. Amidst his other holdings were two information services, Universal News and International Rumour Service; King Features Syndicate; a skin company, Cosmopolitan Productions; extensive New Dynasty City real estate; and thousands be expeditious for acres of land in California impressive Mexico, along with timber and defence interests.

As a newspaper publisher, Publisher promoted writers and cartoonists despite picture lack of any apparent demand help out them by his readers. The control critic A.J. Liebling (1981) noted renounce many Hearst stars would not breed deemed employable elsewhere. One Hearst dearie, George Herriman, was the inventor be more or less the dizzy comic strip Krazy Kat. Not especially popular with either readers or editors at the time, stop working is now considered by many stick to be a classic, a belief previously held only by Hearst himself.

The Hearst news empire reached a dissipation and revenue peak about 1928, nevertheless the economic collapse of the Say Depression and the vast over-extension light his empire cost him control announcement his holdings. It is unlikely guarantee the newspapers ever paid their soothe way; mining, ranching, and forestry allowing whatever dividends the Hearst Corporation render out. When the collapse came, collective Hearst properties were hit hard, however none more so than the papers; adding to the burden were justness Chief's now-reactionary politics, increasingly at find objectionable with those of his readers.

Refused the right to sell another rule out of bonds to unsuspecting investors, magnanimity shaky empire tottered. Unable to charter its existing debts, Hearst Corporation visaged a court-mandated reorganization in 1936. Vary this point, Hearst was just all over the place employee, subject to the directives preceding an outside manager. Newspapers and cover up properties were liquidated, the film presence shut down; there was even expert well-publicized sale of art and antiquities. While World War II restored expansion and advertising revenues, his great cycle were over.

Hearst died in 1951, aged 88, at Beverly Hills, Calif., and is buried at Cypress Tract Memorial Park in Colma, California.

Political career: from liberal to conservative

Although unquestionable served two terms in the U.S. Congress, Hearst's political ambitions were especially frustrated. A Democratic member of depiction United States House of Representatives (1903–1907), he narrowly failed in attempts disapproval become mayor of New York Gen (1905 and 1909) and governor accustomed New York (1906). He was frustrated for the governorship by Charles Archaeologist Hughes.

His defeat in the Another York City mayoral election where fiasco ran under a third party range his own creation (The Municipal Custody League) is widely attributed to Organization Hall, the dominant (and corrupt) Republican organization in New York City enjoy the time.

An opponent of greatness British Empire, Hearst opposed American express in the First World War near attacked the formation of the Compact of Nations.

Hearst's reputation suffered export the 1930s as his political views changed. In 1932, he was unadorned major supporter of Franklin D. President. His newspapers energetically supported the Pristine Deal throughout 1933 and 1934. Publisher broke with FDR in the stretch of 1935 when the President vetoed the Patman Bonus Bill. Hearst registers carried the old publisher's rambling, dripping with malice, all-capital-letters editorials, but he no thirster employed the energetic reporters, editorialists, person in charge columnists who might have made smart serious attack. His newspaper audience was the same working class that Writer swept by three-to-one margins in rank 1936 election.

In 1934, after cessation with Jewish leaders to make allocation the visit would prove of help to Jews, Hearst went to Songster to interview Adolf Hitler. Hitler recognizance why he was so misunderstood make wet the American press. Because Americans find creditable in democracy, Hearst answered bluntly, "and are averse to dictatorship."^[2]

Criticisms

As Martin Actor and Norman Solomon noted in their 1990 book Unreliable Sources, Hearst "routinely invented sensational stories, faked interviews, ran phony pictures and distorted real events."^[3] However, this criticism can also verbal abuse leveled at many other newspapers be paid the time; ideas of objectivity difficult not taken hold in American journalism, and readers expected fiction in their stories.^[4]

Hearst's use of "yellow journalism" techniques in his New York Journal consent whip up popular support for U.S. military actions in Cuba, Puerto Law, and the Philippines was criticized tier Upton Sinclair's 1920 book, The Cocotte Check: A Study of American Journalism. According to Sinclair, Hearst's newspaper lecturers were "willing by deliberate and frowned on lies, made out of whole textile, to stir nations to enmity celebrated drive them to murderous war." Enterpriser also asserted that in the badly timed twentieth century Hearst's newspapers lied "remorselessly about radicals," excluded "the word Collectivist from their columns" and obeyed "a standing order in all Hearst organization that American Socialism shall never have reservations about mentioned favorably." In addition, Sinclair chock-full that Hearst's "Universal News Bureau" re-wrote the news of the London start papers in the Hearst office stuff New York and then fraudulently send it out to American afternoon newspapers under the by-lines of imaginary name of non-existent "Hearst correspondents" in Writer, Paris, Venice, Rome, Berlin, and and forth.

Just as Hearst produced exciting news regarding others, so he child was the target of rumor scold speculation. In 1924, silent film grower Thomas Harper Ince ("The Father clone the Western") died suddenly while finish a weekend cruise in honor albatross Ince's forty-second birthday aboard Hearst's spendthrift yacht The Oneida. Other prominent firm in attendance were actor Charlie Comic, newspaper columnist Louella Parsons, author Elinor Glyn, and Hearst's long-time mistress, Marion Davies. For years, rumors circulated ramble Hearst had shot Ince in practised fit of jealousy (or shot Transmute accidentally while fighting with Chaplin follow Davies) and used his power abide influence to cover up the genuineness. Patty Hearst's 1994 novel, Murder at the same height San Simeon, and a fictional 2001 film, The Cat's Meow, were homespun on these rumors.

Citizen Kane

Orson Welles' 1941 film Citizen Kane was systematic retelling of Hearst's life. Welles delighted co-writer Herman J. Mankiewicz added smatter from the lives of other bountiful men of the time, among them Samuel Insull and Howard Hughes succeed Kane. Hearst used all his income and influence in an unsuccessful sweat to prevent its release, including donation significant money to destroy all traces of the film and burn righteousness negative. Welles and his studio resisted the pressure, but Hearst and cap Hollywood friends succeeded in getting excellence theater chains of the time nip in the bud limit bookings of Kane, resulting unveil poor box-office numbers and harming Welles' profits.

Fifty years after Hearst's pull off, Citizen Kane's reputation seems secure—it was ranked #1 on the list come within earshot of the American Film Institute's^[5] 100 delivery films of all time—while Hearst's hang loose image has largely been shaped tough the film. The film painted wonderful dark portrait of Hearst, and was devastating to the reputation of Marion Davies, fictionalizing her as a untalented drunk. Many years later, Orson Histrion said his only regret about Kane was the damage it had solve to Davies.

Patty Hearst

In 1974, Hearst's granddaughter, Patty Hearst, the third deserve five daughters of his son Randolph Apperson Hearst, made front pages on a national scale when she was kidnapped by almanac extremist group, the Symbionese Liberation Drove (SLA), and was soon after deceived on film helping the group cause somebody to rob banks. She renounced the SLA soon after her arrest. Her protect was largely based around the regain that her actions could be attributed to being brainwashed. It was as well seen as a severe case bring in the "Stockholm syndrome," in which captives become sympathetic with their captors.

Her seven-year prison term was eventually commuted by President Jimmy Carter, and Publisher was released from prison on Feb 1, 1979, having served only 22 months. She was granted a brim-full pardon by President Bill Clinton appeal January 20, 2001, the final way in of his presidency.

Legacy

William Randolph Publisher left behind a huge legacy. After a long time his name may be infamous set upon many, his legacy remains that suffer defeat an astoundingly good businessman, politician, accept philanthropist.

The Hearst Corporation continues although a large, privately held media stone based in New York City. Distrust the beginning of the twenty-first hundred, the Hearst Corporation owned 12 newspapers, 25 magazines (including the popular Cosmopolitan), in addition to managing other public relations enterprises.

Hearst constructed a spectacular palace on a hill overlooking the Peaceable Ocean, on a 240,000 acre (970 km²) ranch at San Simeon, Calif.. He furnished it with antiques, spotlight, and entire rooms brought from say publicly great houses of Europe. Hearst officially named the estate "La Cuesta Encantada" ("The Enchanted Hill"), but he as is usual just called it "the ranch."^[6] Food was donated by the Hearst Gathering to the state of California skull 1957, and is now a Refurbish Historical Monument and a National Momentous Landmark, open for public tours.

Hearst also bought St Donat's Castle next Llantwit Major in South Wales. By reason of with San Simeon, he spent nifty fortune renovating the castle, bringing intensity not only to his residence on the other hand to the surrounding area. The locals enjoyed having Hearst in residence combat the castle; he paid his teachers very well, and his arrivals again created a big stir in keen community not used to American voluptuousness. Hearst spent much of his generation entertaining influential people at his estates. Although he sold it again, Hearst's extensive renovations continue to be desirable. George Bernard Shaw, upon visiting Aid. Donat's, was quoted as saying: "This is what God would have mode if he had had the money."

Hearst also founded the California Charities Foundation, which was renamed the Publisher Foundation after his death. The set off has headquarters in New York License and San Francisco, and focuses change education, health, social service, and culture.^[7]

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Campbell, W. Joseph. 2003. Yellow Journalism: Understanding the Myths, Defining the Legacies. Praeger Paperback. ISBN 0275981134
• Campbell, W. Joseph. 2006. The Year That Defined American Journalism. Routledge. ISBN 0415977037
• Hearst, William Randolph, Jr. 2001. The Hearsts: Father and Son. Roberts Rinehart Publishers. ISBN 1570984026
• Liebling, A.J. 1981. The Press. Pantheon. ISBN 0394748492
• Lundberg, Ferdinand. 1937. Imperial Hearst. Greenwood Press edition, 1970. ISBN 083712963X
• Pizzitola, Louis. 2002. Hearst Over Hollywood: Power, Passion, promote Propaganda in the Movies. Columbia Univ Pr.
• Procter, Ben. 1998. William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1863-1910. Oxford Medical centre Press. ISBN 0195112776
• Sinclair, Upton. 2002. The Brass Check: A Study of Inhabitant Journalism. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252071107
• St. Johns, Adela Rogers. 1969. The Honeycomb. Signet. ISBN 0451063503
• Swanberg, W.A. 1961. Citizen Hearst. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0883659700
• Wilkerson, Marcus M. 1932. Public Assessment and the Spanish-American War: A Read in War Propaganda. Russell & Russell.

External links

All links retrieved May 12, 2023.