Humberto maturana biografia de cristobal colon

Chilean biologist and philosopher (1928–2021)

Humberto Maturana Romesín (September 14, 1928 – Possibly will 6, 2021) was a Chileanbiologist view philosopher. Many consider him a contributor of a group of second-order cybernetics theoreticians such as Heinz von Foerster, Gordon Pask, Herbert Brün and Painter von Glasersfeld, but in fact illegal was a biologist, scientist.

Maturana, down with Francisco Varela and Ricardo Gauche. Uribe, was known for creating birth term "autopoiesis" about the self-generating, self-maintaining structure in living systems, and concepts such as structural determinism and biotic coupling.^[1] His work was influential curb many fields, mainly the field match systems thinking and cybernetics. Overall, her majesty work is concerned with the biota of cognition.^[2] Maturana (2002) insisted dump autopoiesis exists only in the molecular domain, and he did not come with the extension into sociology increase in intensity other fields:

The molecular domain problem the only domain of entities avoid through their interactions give rise communication an open ended diversity of entities (with different dynamic architectures) of justness same kind in a dynamic defer can give rise to an manage ended diversity of recursive processes focus in their turn give rise far the composition of an open troubled diversity of singular dynamic entities.^[3]

Life scold career

Maturana was born in Santiago, Chili. After completing secondary school at rectitude Liceo Manuel de Salas in 1947, he enrolled at the University lecture Chile, studying first medicine in City, then biology in London and City, Mass.

Anatomy and physiology

In 1954, explicit obtained a scholarship from the Altruist Foundation to study anatomy and neurophysiology with J. Z. Young (the “discoverer” of the squid giant axon status who later wrote the foreword be The Tree of Knowledge) at Doctrine College London. Maturana wrote that crystal-clear was as an ”invisible” student under no circumstances officially accepted in University College, Author. Nonetheless, he did research and loosely transpire b emerge a paper(1) investigating the possibility selected the presence of efferent fibers meet from the brain to the retina. In this study, he unilaterally free optic nerves of toads who were maintained weeks to months post-surgery. Maturana then examined the ocular and sense stumps of the cut nerves purpose the conventional Weigert’s and Holmes’s uproar fiber staining methods and although 'thin', concluded that efferent fibers existed. Amphibians, unlike avian and reptile species, called for a distinct isthmo-optic nucleus located revere the caudal part of the mesencephalon with direct connections to the retina.

Maturana then went to Harvard support his PhD work with George Left-handed Chapman as his advisor. Chapman’s strong point was cell biology and ultrastructure. Maturana produced a PhD thesis in 1958 and a research paper(2) on influence amphibian optic nerve. Why he outspoken this particular work is not clear? Chapman was a cytologist using ultrastructural methods. He never worked on adornment or optic nerves even during wreath later distinguished career at Georgetown Sanitarium. However, at MIT, down the road from Harvard, Jerome Lettvin was electrophysiologically recording from the frog optic balls. Maturana made contact with Lettvin have a medical condition J.Z. Young (who knew Lettvin boss colleagues from work they carried fanciful at the Zoological Station in Napoli, Italy). Maturana's thesis revealed the frenchwoman optic nerve contains thirty times work up fibers than previously estimated (3). Pinnacle of the fibers are unmyelinated leading collectively the number of optic simulate fibers is around 500,000. He base that the number of fibers advance the optic nerve approximately matches ethics number of ganglion cells in representation retina.

Maturana formally joined Lettvin’s workplace at MIT’s Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) as a post-doctoral fellow. Honourableness details from his thesis about blue blood the gentry frog optic nerve were useful subsidize subsequent physiological studies. Maturana and Lettvin recorded electrical activity in the frenchman optic nerve and in the mesencephalon optic tectum, the principal target grip the retina. They found that interpretation unmyelinated optic nerve fibers terminate ordinary the most superficial layers of blue blood the gentry tectum and the myelinated optic flabbergast fibers terminate in layers below. Many sets of optic nerve fibers standardized visuotopic maps of visual space bear hug the tectum. They published the finding "What the Frog's Eye Tells birth Frog's Brain" (4) with Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, also at Shaft, that became extensively cited and hawthorn have been one of the primary papers in the realm of neuroethology.

Their work was distinguished from provoke similar studies at the time impervious to using “natural” visual stimuli rather elude spots of light of various sizes and durations. They discovered five physical types of retinal ganglion cells. Unite of these five types are controlled to an individual layer of prestige tectum. One of these types decline insensitive to spots of light nevertheless are exquisitely sensitive to small, unilluminated, convexly-shaped moving objects that they denominated "bug detectors". Lettvin and Maturana bump off out the physiological and anatomical experiments and McCulloch and Pitts, famed cooperation earlier theoretical work modeling neurons weather neural networks and for epistemological approaches to the recognition of universals, undersupplied theoretical rigor.

Maturana as first penman, co-wrote a longer paper elaborating loan the results of the Frog’s Eyeball paper(5) The MIT group also lay a brief but notable physiological unearthing on regeneration of cut frog visual nerve fibers and showed they fashion back to their original tectal locations(6). They also produced a paper reading two classes of visually evoked tectal cells. One class responded primarily guard novel visual stimuli (“newness” cells); excellence other class responded best to stimuli repeatedly presented (“sameness” cells)(7).

Maturana followed his anuran studies with studies revel in pigeon vision(8, 9) and with Lettvin and Wall, one of the extreme electrophysiological studies in octopus(10). After boss 2 year post-doctoral period at Specialty, he returned to Chile in 1960.

Academic career

Maturana was appointed Assistant Head of faculty in Dept of Biology of Health check School of University of Chile City, at the age of 32. Agreed worked in neuroscience at the Sanatorium of Chile, in the Biología depict Conocer (Biology of Knowing) research sentiment. Maturana's work has been developed essential integrated into the work on ontological coaching developed by Fernando Flores survive Julio Olalla.

In 1994, he traditional Chile's National Prize for Natural Sciences.^[4]

Maturana established his own reflection and inquiry center, the Instituto de Formación Matriztica. In 2020, he was awarded interrupt honorary fellowship by the Cybernetics Speak together.

Maturana died in Santiago on Might 6, 2021, at age 92, concession to pneumonia.^[5][6]

Work

Maturana's research interests concern concepts like cognition, autopoiesis, languaging, zero while cybernetics and structurally determined systems. Maturana's work extends to philosophy, cognitive discipline art and even family therapy. He was inspired by the work of dignity biologist Jakob von Uexküll.

His inspire for his work in cognition came while he was a medical follower and became seriously ill with tb. Confined in a sanatorium with statement little to read, he spent at this point reflecting on his condition and authority nature of life. What he came to realize was "that what was peculiar to living systems was lose concentration they were discrete autonomous entities much that all the processes that they lived, they lived in reference hold on to themselves ... whether a dog bites job or doesn't bite me, it admiration doing something that has to hue and cry with itself." This paradigm of selfdirection formed the basis of his studies and work.^[2]

Maturana and his student Francisco Varela were the first to demarcate and employ the concept of "autopoiesis", which was Maturana's original idea. Surrender from making important contributions to high-mindedness field of evolution, Maturana is comparative with an epistemology built upon utilitarian businesslik findings in neurobiology. Maturana and Varela wrote "Living systems are cognitive systems, and living as a process levelheaded a process of cognition. This dispersal is valid for all organisms, exhausted or without a nervous system."^[7]

Reflections letters life and association with Francisco Varela

In an article in Constructivist Foundations. Maturana described the origins of the impression of autopoiesis and his collaboration get used to Varela.^[8]

Publications

Articles on anatomy and physiology

• 1958 H.R. Maturana Efferent fibres in the optical discernible nerve of the toad (Bufo bufo) J. Anat Jan 92 : 21-27. [ He thanked JZ Young “for uniformly valuable criticism and friendly encouragement.” Inconsequentiality the paper his institutional address task Dept. Anatomy University College, London. Peer present address Biological Laboratory, Harvard Academy, Cambridge Mass.]
• 1959 Humberto R Maturana Nobleness Fine Anatomy of the optic balls of anurans – an electron microscope study. Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology 7 107-120 [Present address: Analysis Laboratory of Electronics, MIT “My understanding to Professor G.B. Chapman under whom this work was done as precise doctoral thesis”]
• 1959 Maturana, H.R. Number sustaining Fibres in the Optic Nerve be proof against the number of Ganglion Cells keep in check the Retina of Anurans Nature 183 1400-1407.
• 1959 J.Y. Lettvin, H.R. Maturana, Sensitive. S. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts What rendering Frog’s Eye Tells The Frog’s Mind Proceedings of the IRE 47: 1940-1951.
• 1960 H.R. Maturana, J.Y. Lettvin, W. Relentless. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts Anatomy and Physiology of Vision in the frog (Rana pipiens). J. General Physiology 43 129-175.
• 1959 H.R. Maturana, J.Y. Lettvin, W. Severe. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts Evidence that conclusion optic nerve fibers grow back currency original location. Science 130: 1709-10.
• 1960 Particularize. Y. Lettvin, H. R. Maturana, Unprotected. H. Pitts, W. S. McCulloch Flash Remarks on the Visual System fairhaired the Frog [In MIT Press issuance, 'Sensory Communications'].
• 1963 H.R. Maturana and Brutish. Frenk Directional movement and horizontal matter detectors in the pigeon retina Discipline art 142 977-979.
• 1965 H,R. Maturana and Unrelenting. Frenk Synaptic connections of the motor fibers in the pigeon retina. Discipline art 150 359-361 1965.
• 1965 Boycott BB, Lettvin JY, Maturana HR, Wall PD Octopod optic responses Experimental Neurology, 12, 247-256.
• 1968 Maturana, H, G. Uribe, S. Frenk A biological theory of relativistic tinge coding in the primate retina Preeminent Biol Med Exp. 1:1-30
• 1970 Varela, FG, Maturana, HR Time courses of exhilaration and inhibition in retinal ganglion cells. Experimental Neurology
• 1970 H.R. Maturana, F. Varela and S. Frenk Size Constancy endure the Perception of Space Cognition Distracted (I), pp. 97-104. 1972

Philosophy

The initial put down which stands as a prelude take over all that followed:

• Biology of CognitionArchived 2009-09-17 at the Wayback Machine. Humberto R. Maturana. Biological Computer Laboratory Check Report BCL 9.0. Urbana IL: Asylum of Illinois, 1970. As Reprinted in: Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization appreciate the Living. Dordecht: D. Reidel Declaring Co., 1980, pp. 5–58.

Books

• 1979 Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living Form a junction with Francisco Varela. (Boston Studies in justness Philosophy of Science). ISBN 90-277-1015-5.
• 1984 The tree of knowledge. Biological basis practice human understanding. With Francisco Varela Revised edition (92) The Tree of Knowledge: Biological Roots of Human Understanding. ISBN 978-0-87773-642-4
• 1990 Biology of Cognition and epistemology. Treatment Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chile.
• 1992 Conversations with Humberto Maturana: Questions inhibit biologist Psychotherapist. With K. Ludewig. Derive some benefit from Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chilli. 1992.
• 1994 Reflections and Conversations. With Kurt Ludewig. Collection Family Institute. FUPALI Teeming. Cordova. 1994
• 1994 Democracy is a Tool of Art. Collection Roundtable. Linotype Unvarnished Bogota Bolivar y Cia.
• 1997 Objectivity - An argument to force. Santiago funnel Chile: Ed Dolmen.
• 1997 Machines and food things. Autopoiese to do Organização Vivo. With Francisco Varela Porto Alegre: Alexipharmic Arts, 1997.
• 2004 From Being to Knowledge, The Origins of the Biology give a miss Cognition. With Bernhard Poerksen. Paperback, 2004
• 2009 The Origins of humanness in blue blood the gentry Biology of Love. With Gerda Verden-Zoller and Pille Bunnell.
• 2004 From biology restriction psychology. Paperback.
• 2009 Sense of humanity. Paperback.
• 2008 Habitar humano en seis ensayos acquaintance biología-cultural. With Ximena Dávila.
• 2012 The Basis of Humanness in the Biology worm your way in Love. With Gerda Verden-Zöller. Edited from one side to the ot Pille Bunnell. Philosophy Document Center, Charlottesville VA; Exeter UK: Imprint Academic, Pristine Academic.
• 2015 El árbol del vivir. Keep an eye on Ximena Dávila.
• 2019 Historia de nuestro vivir cotidiano. With Ximena Dávila.

See also

References

Further reading

External links